Quarter 1 – Module 2

Getting the Most Out

of Life
 Research follows a step-
by-step process of
RESEARC investigation that uses
standardized
H approach to answer
questions or solving
problems (Polit & Beck,
2004).
 Research is a continuous
undertaking of making known the
unknown (Sachez, 2002).

RESEARC It entails an investigation of new

facts leading to the discovery of
H new ideas, methods, or
improvements. It is an attempt to
widen one’s outlook in life.
It always proceeds from the known
to the unknown. Thus, the end of
research is to arrive at a new truth.
 Research is a very careful
investigation of something
that purports the
RESEARC contribution of additional
H or new knowledge and
wisdom (Basseyy, as cited
by Coleman & Briggs,
2002).
 1. Research provides a
scientific basis for any
IMPORTANC practice or
E OF methodology in any
RESEARCH field or discipline.
 2. Research is
undertaken for the
IMPORTANC continuous
E OF development and
RESEARCH further productivity
in any field.
 3. Research helps develop
tools for assessing
IMPORTANC effectiveness of any
practice and
E OF operation such as
RESEARCH psychological tests,
intelligence quotient tests,
psychological
assessments, among others.
 4. Research provides
solutions to problems
IMPORTANC concerning at most all
E OF issues
RESEARCH encountered in the
different areas of
work.
 5. Research impacts
decision-making.
IMPORTANC
E OF
RESEARCH
 6. Research develops
and evaluates
IMPORTANC alternative approaches
E OF to the educational
RESEARCH aspects of any
discipline.
 7. Research aims to
advance the personal
and professional
IMPORTANC qualifications of a
E OF practitioner.
RESEARCH
 Lifestyle Lounge also lists
down seven importance of
SEVEN research. It says that
IMPORTANC “contrary to popular belief
research need not only
E OF pertain to science.” Research
RESEARCH is
important in all spheres of
life. (“Importance of
Research,“ 2017).
 Research is important:

SEVEN 1. to gather necessary

information
IMPORTANC 2. to make changes
E OF 3. to improve standard of living
RESEARCH 4. to have a safer life
5. to know the truth
6. to explore our history
7. to understand the arts
Quarter 1 - Module 3
Rectifying Research
Misconduct
INITIAL TASK
Mind Your Ethics

Directions: Read and analyze the article below

and then answer the guide questions that follow.

Source: Ethics in Qualitative Research by A. Orb, L. Eisenhauer, and D. Wynaden (2000)

 Ethics in Qualitative Research
Ethical issues are present in any kind of research. The research
process creates tension between the aims of research to make
generalizations for the good of others
and the rights of participants to maintain privacy. Ethics pertains to
doing good and avoiding harm. Harm can be prevented or reduced
through the application of appropriate ethical principles. Thus, the
protection of human subjects or participants in any research study is
imperative.
 Ethics in Qualitative Research
Violations of human rights in the name of scientific research have
been among the darkest events in history. From 1932-1972 more than
400 African American people
who had syphilis were deliberately left untreated to study the illness.
Although the Tuskegee syphilis study was sponsored by United States
Public Health Service, the disclosure of the 40-year study caused public
outrage (Caplan, 1992).
 Ethics in Qualitative Research
Another example of unethical research is the experiment conducted
between 1950-1952 in which more than 1,000 pregnant women were
given diethylstilboestrol to prevent miscarriages. These women were
subject to a double-blind study without consent. Only 20 years later,
when the children of these women had high rates of cancer and other
abnormalities did the participants learn they were subjects of these
experiments (Capron, 1989).
 Ethics in Qualitative Research
The nature of ethical problems in qualitative research studies is subtle and different
compared to problems in quantitative research. For example, potential ethical conflicts
exist in regard to how a researcher gains access to a community group and the effects
the researcher may have on participants. The literature provides few examples of
ethical issues in qualitative health research. Punch (1994) claimed that one hardly ever
hears of ethical failures in qualitative research. However, Batchelor and Briggs (1994)
claimed that the failure of researchers to address ethical issues has resulted in those
researchers being ill-prepared to cope with the unpredictable nature
of qualitative research.
 Ethics in Qualitative Research
Qualitative researchers focus their research on exploring, examining,
and describing people and their natural environments. Embedded in
qualitative research are the concepts of relationships and power
between researchers and participants. The desire to participate in a
research study depends upon a participant’s willingness to share his or
her experience. Nurse researchers have to balance research principles
as well as the well-being of clients (Ramos, 1989).
 Ethics in Qualitative Research
Qualitative health research is focused on the experiences of people in relation
to health and illness. Yet nurse researchers may find that their roles as researchers
and as clinicians may be in conflict. Qualitative studies are frequently conducted
in settings involving the participation of people in their everyday environments.
Therefore, any research that includes people requires an awareness of the ethical
issues that maybe derived from such interactions. Ethics in health research
includes appropriateness of the research design, the methodological design, and
the funding sources, as well as behaviors in reporting data. The purpose of this
paper is to show these and related ethical issues and ethical principles to be used
in qualitative research.
 1. Based on the article, how will you
define ethics in research?

Guide 2. Are the Tuskegee syphilis study and

diethylstilboestrol study on pregnant

Questions women unethical? Why?

3. If you were part of the research teams

who conducted the research studies,
what will you do to correct the
unethical aspect of the experiments?

Research ethics govern the
standards of conduct for
scientific researchers. It is
important to adhere to
ethical principles in order
to protect the dignity, rights
and welfare of research
participants.
1. Based on the article, how will you
define ethics in research?
2. Are the Tuskegee syphilis study and
diethylstilboestrol study on pregnant
women unethical? Why?
3. If you were part of the research teams
who conducted the research studies,
what will you do to correct the
unethical aspect of the experiments?

With no informed consent,
hundreds of Black men with low
incomes were used as test subjects
— enticed with offerings such as
free meals, health care, and burial
stipends.
1. Based on the article, how will you
define ethics in research?
2. Are the Tuskegee syphilis study and
diethylstilboestrol study on pregnant
women unethical? Why?
3. If you were part of the research teams
who conducted the research studies,
what will you do to correct the
unethical aspect of the experiments?

128 participants died of syphilis or
related complications, 40 wives were
infected, and 19 children were born
with congenital syphilis. Many
families also suffered under the
stigma.
1. Based on the article, how will you
define ethics in research?
2. Are the Tuskegee syphilis study and
diethylstilboestrol study on pregnant
women unethical? Why?
3. If you were part of the research teams
who conducted the research studies,
what will you do to correct the
unethical aspect of the experiments?

From about 1940 to 1971, the
medication was given to pregnant
women in the incorrect belief that it
would reduce the risk of pregnancy
complications and losses.
1. Based on the article, how will you
define ethics in research?
2. Are the Tuskegee syphilis study and
diethylstilboestrol study on pregnant
women unethical? Why?
3. If you were part of the research teams
who conducted the research studies,
what will you do to correct the
unethical aspect of the experiments?
 1. Based on the article, how will you
define ethics in research?

2. Are the Tuskegee syphilis study and

diethylstilboestrol study on pregnant
Is diethylstilbestrol still used today? women unethical? Why?
Today, diethylstilbestrol (DES) is
used in men to treat prostate cancer
and for palliative care to manage
3. If you were part of the research teams
symptoms caused by prostate cancer
treatment. It is also used in who conducted the research studies,
veterinary medicine to treat urinary what will you do to correct the
incontinence in female dogs. unethical aspect of the experiments?
 1. Based on the article, how will you
define ethics in research?

Guide 2. Are the Tuskegee syphilis study and

diethylstilboestrol study on pregnant

Questions women unethical? Why?

3. If you were part of the research teams

who conducted the research studies,
what will you do to correct the
unethical aspect of the experiments?
 1. Empirical-
Research is based on
Characteristics of direct experience or
Research
observation by the
researcher.
 2. Logical-Research is
based on valid
Characteristics of procedures and
Research
principles.
 3. Cyclical-Research is
a cyclical process
because it starts with a
Characteristics of
Research problem and ends
with a problem.
 4. Analytical-
Research utilizes proven
analytical procedures in
Characteristics of gathering the data,
Research whether historical,
descriptive, and
experimental and case study.
 5. Critical-
Research exhibits
careful and precise
Characteristics of
Research judgment.
 6. Methodical-
Research is conducted in a
methodical manner
Characteristics of without bias using
Research systematic method and
procedures.
 7. Replicability-
The research design and
procedures are replicated or
Characteristics of repeated to enable the
Research researcher to arrive at valid
and conclusive results.
 Characteristics of the Researcher
1. Intellectual Curiosity-A researcher undertakes a deep thinking and inquiry of the things
and situations around him.

2. Prudence-The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the right time and at the
right place wisely, efficiently, and economically.

3. Healthy Criticism-The researcher is always doubtful as to the truthfulness of the results.

4. Intellectual Honesty-An intelligent researcher is honest to collect or gather data or facts in

order to arrive at honest results.

5. Intellectual Creativity-A productive and resourceful investigator always creates new

researches.
 Assignment
Read the link
Ethics of Research
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/research-ethics/