Cloud computing

Cognitive computing
DEFINITION

What is cloud computing?

Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery
of IT resources over the Internet with pay-as-
you-go pricing. Instead of buying, owning,
and maintaining physical data centers and
servers, you can access technology services,
such as computing power, storage, and
databases, on an as-needed basis from a cloud
provider like Amazon Web Services (AWS).
How does it works?

Organizations of every type, size, and industry are using the cloud for a
wide variety of use cases, such as data backup, disaster recovery, email,
virtual desktops, software development and testing, big data analytics,
and customer-facing web applications. For example, healthcare
companies are using the cloud to develop more personalized treatments
for patients. Financial services companies are using the cloud to power
real-time fraud detection and prevention. And video game makers are
using the cloud to deliver online games to millions of players around the
world
INVENTOR

Who Invented Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing was invented in the early 1960s by J.C.R Licklider (Joseph Carl Robnett
Licklider), an American Psychologist and Computer Scientist. During his network research work on
ARPANet (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), trying to connect people and data all
around the world, gave an introduction to Cloud Computing technique which we all know today.
Born on March 11th, 1915 in St. Louis, Missouri, US, J.C.R Licklider pursued his initial studies
from Washington University in 1937 and received a BA Degree with three specializations including
physics, maths, psychology. Later in the year 1938, Licklider completed his MA in psychology and
received his Ph.D. from the University of Rochester in the year 1942. His interest in Information
Technology and looking at his years of service in different areas and achievements, made his
appointed as Head of IPTO at ARPA (US Department of Defense Advanced Research Project
Agency) in the Year 1962. His aim led to ARPANet, a forerunner of today’s Internet
Joseph Carl Robnett
Licklider
Why Cloud Computing was Invented?
The Defense Advanced Research Project Agency in the year 1963, funded $2 million for a project
which included developing a technology that allows a computer to be used by two or more
persons simultaneously. Here giant computers were used, where reels of magnetic tape for
memory and a forerunner, currently named “cloud computing” were taken into consideration. It
acted as a cloud giving access to max 3 peoples to connect. In the vision of expansion, J.C.R
Licklider in the year 1969, developed the ARPANet (known as the primitive version of the
internet). He advanced his vision named Intergalactic Computer Network, in which anyone on the
globe can be interconnected by means of computers and also access the information from
anywhere and anytime. The term coined virtualization in the year 1970s made a shift, which now
describes the creation of a virtual machine that acts like a fully functional real computer system.
The most use of virtual computers in the 1990’s and business offering virtual service led to the
development of cloud computing infrastructure.
Impact of Cloud Computing on Society
Cloud services are also being used to support social impacts. Cloud services may also support the
reduction of carbon emissions.

The impact of cloud computing in our day-to-day life in various ways. Some of the examples are
as follows:

Social Media:
Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Twitter, and many more social media apps use the cloud in one way or the
other. The pictures we upload on Facebook or Instagram are stored in the cloud.

Entertainment:
Before cloud computing came into the picture, we used to watch our favorite shows on the television or listen to
the shows which aired on the radio.

Cloud has brought a revolution in the entertainment industry. Netflix, Amazon Prime, Spotify, Watcho, Disney
Hotstar are few examples of cloud-based apps. They use the cloud to deliver us the content. With these apps, we
can watch movies, shows, listen to favorite songs anytime and from anywhere where the internet can be
accessed.
Shopping:
Cloud has also revolutionized the way we do shopping. Amazon, Flipkart, Myntra, and
many more apps have made the shopping experience much easier.

Health Care:
Some doctor’s offices have established cloud-based patient portals where important
health data are accessible. Digital records of patients are stored in the cloud by the
Hospitals or Healthcare service providers.

Education:
Universities are now offering online courses across the country. The information,
lessons, and material used for learning are stored in the cloud. Now students can
access requested data anytime, anywhere.

Communication:
Cloud also allows users to enjoy network-based communication tools such as emails,
messaging, and calling apps like Gmail, WhatsApp, Google Duo, Skype are based on
cloud infrastructure.
CONCLUSION

The impact of cloud computing is almost everywhere. It is a remarkable

revolution in the world of technology.

Cloud computing is still a subject of research. The COVID pandemic has

transformed the way businesses are run. Many industries have embraced
digitalization and automation. Cloud had a pivotal role in this transformation.

The post-pandemic world would depend on the cloud more than before as it has
changed the working style in business organizations.
https://youtu.be/mxT233EdY5c
Cognitive computing is the use of
computerized models to simulate the
human thought process in complex
situations where the answer may be
ambiguous and uncertain.
●the term cognitive computing has been
used to refer to hardware and or software
that mimic the functioning of the human
brain and helps to improve human
decisions making
Charles Roe
The first underpinnings of modern Cognitive Computing date back to
the late 19th century, with the work of mathematician George Boole
and his book The Laws of Thought, and the propositions of Charles
Babbage on creating what he termed an “analytical engine.” The term
Artificial Intelligence (AI) was coined by the late John McCarthy in
1955 (revised in 2007), when he defined AI as “the science and
engineering of making intelligent machines.”
The study of AI–which includes other disciplines such as psychology,
neuroscience, linguistics, mathematics, logic, computer science,
perception, natural language processing, and many others–really
began to excel during the 1980s when funding increased considerably
over previous decades. Then on May 11, 1997 the world’s imagination
was captivated when IBM’s Deep Blue beat Garry Kasparov, the
current world chess champion. The world of AI research exploded.
Some other notable dates include:
2005: Stanford-built robot wins DARPA Grand Challenge
2011: Watson defeats two of the greatest Jeopardy! champions without being
hooked to the Internet
But in reality, ideas about thinking machines date back to ancient history,
when Greek mythologists imagined such artificial devices as Hephaestus’
bronze robot Talos, automatons of Hero of Alexandria, and the carved ivory
statue Galatea that came to life in Ovid’s retelling of Pygmalion.

Such grand creations have long been the purview of human

imagination, but only in the past 30-40 years (with the last decade being
of great importance) has the reality of Cognitive Computing started to
manifest in our daily affairs. According to Dharmendra Modha, the
Manager of Cognitive Computing at IBM Research:
How does Cognitive Computing work?

Cognitive computing allows computers to mimic the way the human

brain works. Cognitive computing uses self-learning algorithms based
on data mining and pattern recognition to generate solutions to a wide
variety of problems. Yet to achieve these feats, as presented by the
Cognitive Computing Consortium, cognitive computing systems must
be adaptive, interactive, iterative, stateful, and contextual. Missing
any of these attributes prevents a system from achieving cognitive
computing.
1. Adaptive
This is the first step in making a machine learning based cognitive system. The
solutions should mimic the ability of human brain to learn and adapt from the
surroundings. The systems can’t be programmed for an isolated task. It needs to be
dynamic in data gathering, understanding goals, and requirements.

2. Interactive
Similar to brain the cognitive solution must interact with all elements in the system –
processor, devices, cloud services and user. Cognitive systems should interact bi-
directionally. It should understand human input and provide relevant results using
natural language processing and deep learning. Some skilled intelligent chatbots such
as Mitsuku have already achieved this feature.
3. Iterative and stateful
The system should “remember” previous interactions in a process and return
information that is suitable for the specific application at that point in time. It should
be able to define the problem by asking questions or finding an additional source.
This feature needs a careful application of the data quality and validation
methodologies in order to ensure that the system is always provided with enough
information and that the data sources it operates on to deliver reliable and up-to-
date input.

4. Contextual
They must understand, identify, and extract contextual elements such as meaning,
syntax, time, location, appropriate domain, regulations, user’s profile, process,
task, and goal. They may draw on multiple sources of information, including both
structured and unstructured digital information, as well as sensory inputs (visual,
gestural, auditory, or sensor-provided).
Examples of how cognitive computing is used in various industries include the
following:

Healthcare. Cognitive computing can deal with large amounts of unstructured

healthcare data such as patient histories, diagnoses, conditions and journal research
articles to make recommendations to medical professionals. This is done with the goal
of helping doctors make better treatment decisions. Cognitive technology expands a
doctor's capabilities and assists with decision-making. Retail. In retail environments,
these technologies analyze basic information about the customer, along with details
about the product the customer is looking at. The system then provides the customer
with personalized suggestions.
Banking and finance. Cognitive computing in the banking and finance industry analyzes
unstructured data from different sources to gain more knowledge about customers. NLP
is used to create chatbots that communicate with customers. This improves operational
efficiency and customer engagement. Logistics. Cognitive computing aids in areas such
as warehouse management, warehouse automation, networking and IoT devices.
https://youtu.be/1tsFTBqXDdI