PLTW AR IntroToMechanismsPowerPoint

Introduction to Mechanisms
1
Automation and Robotics VEX © 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Understandings
• Energy is the capacity to do work; the use of
mechanisms is necessary to transfer energy.
• Engineers and technologists design mechanisms to
change the direction of rotation, change the direction
of force (angle), change the type of motion, and
change the speed or amount of torque or force
available to do work
• Mechanisms can be used individually, in pairs, or in
systems.
2
Knowledge and Skills
It is expected that students will:
• Use ratios to solve mechanical advantage problems.
• Use numerical and algebraic expressions and equations to
solve real-life problems, such as gear ratios.
• Use the characteristics of a specific mechanism to
evaluate its purpose and applications.
• Apply knowledge of mechanisms to solve a unique
problem for speed, torque, force, or type of motion.
3
Essential Questions
• Which mechanism would be used to increase
speed?
• Which mechanism would be used to increase
torque or force?
• How do you change types of motion using
mechanisms?
• Where are mechanisms used in real-life
applications and what is their purpose?
4
What is a Mechanism?
A mechanism is the part of a
machine which contains two or
more pieces arranged so that the
motion of one compels the motion
of the others.
5
Why Do We Use Mechanisms?

A mechanism is a device that transmits
movements so that the output movement is
different than the input movement.
6

Engineers and technologists design
mechanisms do the following:
• Change the direction of rotation
• Change the direction of force (angle)
• Change the type of motion
• Change the speed or amount of torque
(force) available to do work.
7

The output of a robot or any machine is motion and force in
some form. A drill press, for example, has two kinds of
motion: rotary and linear. The drill spinning provides the
rotary motion; moving the drill down through the material is
the linear motion. The force or torque applied to the drill must
be sufficient to turn the drill through the material. Also, the
speed of the drill bit must be within a given range. If the drill
is turning too fast, the drill bit will be damaged. To acquire the
correct speed, the drill press must have a pulley or gear
system. Changing pulleys changes the speed of the drill bit.
8

When you are riding a multi-speed bicycle up a steep hill, what do
you do? Most likely you shift gears in order to get more power with
the same amount of effort. Sometimes when a standard shift or four-
wheel drive vehicle is being driven up a steep incline, the driver will
downshift or engage the four-wheel drive in order to gain more
torque. Can you think of other examples where force or torque is
changed to make a task easier?
–The need to change speed and torque is a problem common to machine

tools, robots, automobiles, and airplanes. In this activity we will study several
techniques developed over the centuries to accomplish this task.
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Drive Gear and Driven Gear
• Drive Gear: The gear which transmits power
and motion to the rest of the system. Also
know as the input gear.
• Driven Gear: The member of a pair of gears

to which motion and power are transmitted by
the other gear. Also know as the output gear
10
Drive Gear and Driven Gear
A person would turn

DRIVE GEAR
the gear that has the
handle in the picture
above. This is the
Drive Gear.
DRIVEN GEAR
The Driven Gear in
the picture above only
moves when the drive
gear is being turned.
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The Direction of Travel
• If the input handle on the drive gear can be turned in both
directions for at least one full turn, the device has a reversible
direction of travel. If it can only be turned in one direction, it
is non-reversible.
DRIVE GEAR DRIVE GEAR
DRIVEN GEAR DRIVEN GEAR
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The Direction of Travel
• If the Drive Gear can move in both directions (clockwise and
counterclockwise) and still move the Driven Gear, then you
can change the direction of travel of the mechanism.
DRIVE GEAR DRIVE GEAR

DRIVEN GEAR DRIVEN GEAR
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The Flow of Power
• Move the handle from the input shaft to the output shaft. A
device with a reversible flow of power can still work if the
output becomes the input. If the device does not work, it has a
non-reversible flow of power.
DRIVE GEAR
DRIVEN GEAR
DRIVEN GEAR
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The Flow of Power
• The input gear must move all the way around for it to be
reversible. If the input gear moves part of the way around (not
all the way) or it does not move at all, these gears have a non-
reversible flow of power.
DRIVE GEAR
DRIVEN GEAR
DRIVEN GEAR
15
What is the
Purpose of a Mechanism
Mechanisms are generally used to:
1. Change the Direction of Rotation
2. Change the Direction of Force (Angle)
3. Change the Type of Motion
4. Change the Speed of Movement
5. Change the Amount of Torque or Force
Available to do Work
16
What is the
Purpose of a Mechanism
17
What is the Purpose of a Mechanism
• Meshed gears in a gear train always turn in

opposite directions
DRIVE GEAR
DRIVEN GEAR
18
Change the Direction of Rotation
• When there are only 2 gears in a gear train, the driven gear
moves in the opposite direction of the drive gear.
• To get the driven gear to move in the same direction as the
•
drive gear, an idler gear is added.
vv
Simple Gear Train Simple Gear Train with Idler
vc
DRIVE GEAR IDLER GEAR
DRIVEN GEAR DRIVE GEAR DRIVEN GEAR
Drive and Driven Gears move Drive and Driven Gears Move in the
in Opposite Directions Same Direction 19
What are Mechanisms Used For?

20
What is the Purpose of a Mechanism?
Bevel Gears
21
• The force in the Bevel Gear below comes in from

the left in the example below and goes out the top.
• This mechanism is
changing the
direction of force at a
90° angle.
22
What are Mechanisms Used For?

23
Before we talk about changing the type of

motion, we need to talk about…..
What are the Types of Motion?
– Rotary
– Linear
– Reciprocating
– Oscillating
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There are 4 Types of Motion
Rotary Linear
Reciprocating Oscillating
25
Rotary Motion
• Circular movement.
26
Reciprocating Motion
• A back and forth movement in a straight line.
27
Oscillating Motion
• A swing back and forth in an arc.
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Linear Motion
• Movement in a straight line.
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Change From One Type of

Motion to Another
Examples:
• Rotary to Linear
• Rotary to Reciprocating
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What are Mechanisms
Used For?
3. Change the Type of Movement
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• If the drive gear is smaller than the driven

gear the speed will DECREASE
Driven
Drive
32
• If the drive gear is larger than the driven

gear the speed will INCREASE
Drive
Driven
33
What are Mechanisms
Used For?
3. Change the Type of Movement
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What is Force and Torque?

A Force is a push or pull in a straight line.
Torque is a push or pull in a circular direction.
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• If the drive gear is smaller than the driven
gear the torque will INCREASE
Driven
Drive
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5. Change the Amount of Torque or Force Available
to do Work
• If the drive gear is larger than the driven
gear the torque will decrease.
Drive
Driven
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5. Change the Amount of Torque or Force Available
to do Work
There is an inverse relationship between speed
and torque.
• If the torque goes up the speed goes down.
• It the torque goes down the speed goes up
High Speed Low Speed
Low Torque High Torque
38
Definitions
Click the link below to view vocabulary for
mechanisms.
• https://padlet.com/brian_lehman/5aotg9hnub2w
39

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Introduction to Mechanisms

–The need to change speed and torque is a problem common to machine

• Driven Gear: The member of a pair of gears

A person would turn

DRIVE GEAR DRIVE GEAR

DRIVEN GEAR DRIVEN GEAR

DRIVE GEAR DRIVE GEAR

• Meshed gears in a gear train always turn in

Simple Gear Train Simple Gear Train with Idler

DRIVE GEAR IDLER GEAR

DRIVEN GEAR DRIVE GEAR DRIVEN GEAR

Mechanisms are generally used to:

• The force in the Bevel Gear below comes in from

Mechanisms are generally used to:

Before we talk about changing the type of

Change From One Type of

• If the drive gear is smaller than the driven

• If the drive gear is larger than the driven

What is Force and Torque?

Torque is a push or pull in a circular direction.

High Speed Low Speed

Low Torque High Torque

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