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ETHICALLY SELECTING,
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CITING & SYNTHESIZING

RELATED LITERATURE
Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. Select, cites and synthesizes properly related literature.
2. Use sources according to ethical standards.
3. Present written review literature (8-10 pages)

Learners expected output:

1. Review of Related Literature (Chapter II)
// WILSON MIZNER

“If you steal from one author it’s

plagiarism; if you steal from many
it’s research.”

—WILSON MIZNER
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 RELATED LITERATURE
02 RESEARCH ETHICS

Description, Characteristics, & Discussion of Research Ethics.

Organization of Related Literature Plagiarism vs. Copyright

03 CITATION STYLES
04 OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER II

Discussion of the format and citation

Discussion of specific standards and
style that will be used in the final
commonly used formats.
paper.
// RELATED LITERATURE

ABOUT THE
RELATED
LITERATURE
Setting your research in the context of what is
currently known about the topic and
establishing what you have to offer.
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ing with Company A What makes up the related
literature?
RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature is the compilation of relevant papers (both published and unpublished, on the
topic containing information, ideas, data and evidence written from a specific point of view
in order to meet certain objectives and express certain opinions on the nature of the topic
and how it should be investigated, and the effective evaluation of these papers in relation to
the suggested topic.
MERCURY
It is also described VENUS
as a text body and its primary objective is to update the reader with current
literature on a subject and form the backbone for another objective, such as rationalizing
future research in the field. It aims at describing, summarizing, evaluating, clarifying and/or
integrating the prior study material (Hart, 1988).
TYPES OF RESOURCES

GENERAL REFERENCES PRIMARY SOURCES

Books, monographs, conference manuals,
Academic research and University research,
research articles, professional journals and
journals from reputable organizations.
similar documents

SECONDARY SOURCES TERTIARY SOURCES

Articles, analyses, essays, newspaper, single Books based on secondary sources that
or multiple authored textbooks interprets the work of others.

Clemente, Julaton, & Orleans, 2016

// RELATED LITERATURE

Reviewing literature is vital because without it, a researcher cannot obtain understanding on
a particular topic, particularly on how it was investigated and what was done about it. The
researcher is expected to show in their written paper that they has a comprehension about the
previous research on his/her topic particularly of what has already been done on it, how it has
been researched and what the key issue are.

In any case, your review of literature should not be far-reaching from every article and book
that has been produced on your subject since it is going to be too broad. Or perhaps, on the other
side, it should join the main sources of the main discourses, examples and gaps in your exam area.

One of the major tasks of a researcher, like you, is to review various references to survey
theories and concepts about your research interest. This will give you a better perspective of your
research topic and eventually identify the research gap.
CHECKLIST

LITERATURE REVIEW IS LITERATURE REVIEW IS NOT

A place to present an argument, a clear

Simply a collection of texts that you think is
articulation of your own position in relation
interesting or every text that you have read.
to relevant literature.

A compilation of all material related to

A place to make explicit connections
your research field, regardless of its
between previous research and your own.
relevance to your project.

Presented as a list in which you discuss

A synthesis of a range of sources.
each text in turn.

A critical evaluation of sources related A descriptive summary of each and every

to your research topic. text.

What is literature review, and what is it not (Monash University)

// RELATED LITERATURE ARE CRUCIAL FOR MANY REASONS

Reviews of literature mainly force an author to tell as much information as possible

about the chosen topic. This will both assist in the teaching process and assist to produce
writing as strong as possible by knowing what was / was not both studied and developed as
comprehension of the past research. This provides credibility and honesty to the author in
the work's overall argument. And by reviewing and reporting on all prior literature, the
weaknesses and shortcomings of prior literature will become more apparent. This will not
only assist to discover or argue for a particular. Regarding the professional importance of a
good literature review for a manuscript reporting on the results of an original research
project, it may be important to realize that literature reviews are generally focused on
components of articles being reviewed for publication.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERATURE

Reviews of literature offer you a constant guide for a particular topic. Literature reviews
can offer you a list or go about as a meandering stone when you have limited time to
guide research. For researchers, the literature review's importance and expansiveness
emphasizes the creator's disposition in his or her sector. Reviews of literature also
MERCURY VENUS
provide a powerful basis for the examination of an inquiry paper. Most study papers
require careful data about the field literature. Thus, It is important to learn how to
distinguish a good literature to be cited or included in the review. Calderon and
Gonzales (2014) identified the following characteristics of ideal materials to be cited.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS TO BE CITED

RECENCY
The materials that should be included in the review should be recent as much as
possible. For general references, published materials 10 years ago are yet sound and
valid. Meanwhile, primary, secondary and tertiary references within the last five years
are ideal.

OBJECTIVITY
Since research is academic and scholarly, the materials should be fair, objective and
bias-free. It should not favor any extreme and obvious vested interest aside from
delivering facts, information, and findings.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS TO BE CITED

RELEVANCE
The weight of relevance of the material to the current research undertaking must be
checked. Before citing it, it should bear essential information to clarify and deepen the
issues and concepts of the research being conducted. Otherwise, the material should not
be considered for the review.

CONCISENESS
The materials that the review should have must be sufficient enough, not too few and
not too many, to provide the researcher and the readers strong insight about the general
and specific problems that the research is trying to address or answer.
ORGANIZATION OF THE RRL
CHRONOLOGICAL
Show how changes about the
topic occurred from its
emergence. This also presents
the evolving mindset and
thinking of the authors.
BY TOPIC/CONCEPT
Highlights the inter-relationship
of concepts which support the
dev. of the current study. This
also presents comparable
opinion about the same topic or
issue.
BY
AUTHOR/WRITER
Builds credibility with the
claims that the research would
like to stand on. This also
presents the different authors
even though they have similar
ideas.
// EXAMPLE OF CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF RRL

Santos (2017) affirms that literature is an efficient springboard towards introducing

and teaching language skills among Junior High School learners.

Tesoro (2018), meanwhile, found out that the a literature based classroom should
always consider the context of the learners, the literature, and the context of the teacher.

Further, Solano (2019) reported that there is a wider opportunity when the teaching of
language skills is embedded in the teaching of literature.
// EXAMPLE OF BY TOPIC/CONCEPT ORGANIZATION OF RRL

It is found out that the use of music in teaching mathematics has a significant effect in
the motivation of learners which contributed to their increased numeracy skills (Gonzales,
2016; Fernandez, 2013; Dionisio, 2012).
// EXAMPLE OF BY AUTHOR/WRITER ORGANIZATION OF RRL

Clemente, Julaton, and Orleans (2016) stress that research suggests an action that
denotes to look for something again. It is taken from the composition of the word “re” and
“search”.

Calderon and Gonzales (2014) reiterates that research is a purposive, systematic and
scientific process of discovering truth. Thus, it entails systematic gathering of data to
formulate findings and judgment.
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RESEARCH
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ethically.
PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism is a very severe offence in research. In plagiarism, the researcher takes credit
for the work of another researcher. In simple words, claiming and copying a portion of
someone’s written work. Even a hint of suspicion of plagiarism can seriously diminish
the integrity of the researcher. Referencing is a very important skill in research.
MERCURY VENUS
Plagiarism is the worst possible offence against the issue of honesty in research
(Walliman, 2011).
COPYRIGHT

Copyright is also covered in Republic Act No. 8293 or the "Intellectual Property Code of
the Philippines." It differs from plagiarism as it may pertain to the breach of contract
MERCURY VENUS
between the authors and the publishers about the coverage or scope of circulation and
distribution of the original work.
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?

KEEP TRACK OF YOUR SOURCES. Keeping your notes organized and compiling a list of citations
as you go. Keep track of every source you consult—that includes not only books and journal articles, but
also things like websites, magazine articles, and videos.

QOUTE AND PARAPHRASE. While writing your paper, if you want to share an idea or a piece of
information from a source, you must either paraphrase or quote the original text.

CITE THE ORIGINAL SOURCE. Every time you quote or paraphrase, you must include an in-text
citation (or footnote citation) that identifies the original author. It often also includes the publication year
and a page number, allowing your readers to locate the source for themselves.

USE A PLAGIARISM CHECKER. This allows you to identify any parts where you’ve forgotten a
citation, left out quotation marks, or included a paraphrase that’s too close to the original text. Then you
can follow the steps above to easily fix any instances of potential plagiarism.

How to avoid plagiarism, Scribbr.com

QUOTE vs. PARAPHRASE

QUOTE PARAPHRASE

Copying a piece of text word-for-word and Using your own words to explain something
enclosed in quotation marks, and correctly from a source. It allows you to give only the
attributed to the original author most important information from a passage.

Use an exact definition introduced by the Better than quoting, especially for longer
original author passages.

It is impossible for you to rephrase the original Ensures that your own voice is dominant in
text without losing its meaning your paper.

How to avoid plagiarism, Scribbr.com

// EXAMPLE OF QUOTING FROM RELATED LITERATURE

According to Cronon, the concept of wilderness is a cultural invention: “Far from

being the one place on earth that stands apart from humanity, it is quite profoundly a human
creation—indeed, the creation of very particular human cultures at very particular moments
in human history” (1995, p. 69).
// EXAMPLE OF PARAPHRASING FROM RELATED LITERATURE

ORIGINAL TEXT:
“Go back 250 years in American and European history, and you do not find nearly so many people
wandering around remote corners of the planet looking for what today we would call ‘the wilderness
experience.’ As late as the eighteenth century, the most common usage of the word ‘wilderness’ in the
English language referred to landscapes that generally carried adjectives far different from the ones they
attract today. To be a wilderness then was to be ‘deserted,’ ‘savage,’ ‘desolate,’ ‘barren’—in short, a
‘waste,’ the word’s nearest synonym. Its connotations were anything but positive, and the emotion one was
most likely to feel in its presence was ‘bewilderment’ or terror” (Cronon, 1995, p. 70).
 03
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CITATION
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How can I avoid plagiarism?
REFERENCING

Referencing allows you to acknowledge the contribution of other writers and researchers
in your work. By citing the work of a particular scholar, you acknowledge and respect the
intellectual property rights of that researcher. It is a way to provide evidence to support the
assertions and claims in your own assignments. By citing experts in your field, you are showing
your marker thatMERCURY VENUS
you are aware of the field in which you are operating.

References should always be accurate, allowing your readers to trace the sources of
information you have used. The best way to make sure you reference accurately is to keep a
record of all the sources you used when reading and researching for an assignment.
 CITATION STYLES
American Psychological
Association (APA) Style
The most commonly used
format in citing references. This
provides the author’s surname
and year of publication in the
citation with a complete details
in the bibliography.
Modern Language
Chicago Manual of Style
Association (MLA) Style
This style involves putting This style contains two basic
relevant source information in referencing system, such as
parentheses after the quote or notes and bibliography and
paraphrase. The source of author-date.
information required in a
citation in parentheses depends
on the source medium and its
source in the Bibliography.
American Psychological Association Style

IN-TEXT CITATION

A work by two authors:

Education 4.0 refers to…. (Santos & Portillo, 2017)
Santos and Portillo (2017) noted …..
A work by three or more authors:
Complementary tool is …. (Garcia et al., 2019)
Garcia et al. (2019), defined ……
Government and private agencies, organizations etc. as an author:
According to the Department of Education (2020) …..
Only abbreviation of the agencies will appear on the succeeding in-text citations in
the paper.
American Psychological Association Style

IN-TEXT CITATION

Citing indirect sources in another source:

Portillo positioned that … (as cited in Santos, 2019 p.25)
Electronic sources:
Tamayo (2020) discussed that ….
Citing websites (without an author, title and the date are cited; for sources with no date “n.d.” is
placed:
Smith, n.d. argued that...
In-text citation for website with no author:
Rizal Province is now ... (Rizal Provincial Government, 2020).
American Psychological Association Style

REFERENCE LIST

One Author:
Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality.
Psychological Review, 80, 252-283.
Two Authors:
Mischel W., & Baker, N. (1975). Cognitive transformations of reward objects through instructions.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 254-261.
Three to Six Authors:
Hart, D., Keller, M., Edelstein, W., & Hofmann, V. (1998). Childhood personality influences on
social-cognitive development: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74,
254-261.
American Psychological Association Style

REFERENCE LIST

More than six authors:

Dykes, K., King, J., DiOrio, N., King, R., Gevorgian, V., Corbus, D., et. al. (2020).
Opportunities for research and development of hybrid power plants. National Renewable Energy
Laboratory. NREL/TP-5000-75026. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/75026.pdf

Books:
Pichery, C. (2014). Sensitivity Analysis. Encyclopedia of Toxicology. Third Edition. pp. 236-237
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00431-0
American Psychological Association Style

REFERENCE LIST

Online Documents:
Senate of the Philippines. (2019, May 6). Gatchalian files bill promoting the use of microgrid
systems for total electrification in PH.
http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2019/0506_gatchalian1.asp
Online Journal Articles:
Bhagavathy, S. M. & Pillai, G. (2018). PV microgrid design for rural electrification. Designs.
2(3). pp. 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs2030033
Online Newspaper:
Parker-Pope, T. (2009, August 26). Getting rid of side stiches. The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com
FORMAT OF FIGURES & TABLES
FORMAT OF FIGURES & TABLES
FORMAT OF FIGURES & TABLES
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CHAPTER II
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Overview of Chapter II
RELATED LITERATURE

In this part presents related articles and information

from different sources used to enrich the content of
the study.
Sources are taken from local and international
(books, online, journals, magazines) clustered.
You can also included tables / graphs / pictures in
this part to better presentation of your Chapter 2.
RELATED STUDIES

Present here the review of related studies or

researches at one-study-one-paragraph approach
(except in few cases where more than one
paragraph per study may be allowed, provided that
citation is clearly stated per paragraph).

The presentation should be from the most-recent

down to the related study from 5 years ago.

Include 4 to 6 local and international publications

or materials.
SYNTHESIS

Present a synthesis of reviewed researches, that is,

combining two or more generally related studies in
one paragraph and discuss their similarities and
differences to your present study. The synthesis
should include all the researches reviewed and
usually presented in not more than two pages,
usually 2 to 4 paragraphs. In mentioning the
references, the author-year format (APA Style 6th
edition) should still be used.
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THANKS!
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DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS?

carlkarlo.caraig@deped.gov.ph

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