3is Analysis On The Effectiveness of Calamansi As House Fly Repellent Final

i
ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CALAMANSI

AS HOUSE FLY REPELLENT
A Research Study
Presented to the Faculty of
Mataasnakahoy Senior High School
Bayorbor, Mataasnakahoy
In partial fulfilment of requirements for the subjects

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion and Capstone Project
De Castro, Randz Andrea D.

De Leon, Gecelyn T.
Manalo, Angelica P.
Sy Tamco, Ma. Alexa L.
De Villa, John Carlo
Dimayuga, Jian Carlo
Medina, Aldrin C.
Subol, Aaron D.
June 2022

ii
APPROVAL SHEET
This research is entitled Analysis on the Effectiveness of Calamansi as
House Fly Repellent. Students prepared and submitted by RANDZ ANDREA D.
DE CASTRO, GECELYN T. DE LEON, ANGELICA P. MANALO, MA. ALEXA L.
SY TAMCO, JOHN CARLO D. DE VILLA, JIAN CARLO L. DIMAYUGA, ALDRIN
C. MEDINA, AND AARON D. SUBOL. In partial fulfillment of requirements for the
subjects Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion and capstone project are
examined and hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.
ROSE ANN C. MALUNES JESSA M. ARIOLA

Research Adviser Research Adviser
Approved by the COMMITTEE ON INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS AND

IMMERSION with the degree of
ARIANE A. ARIAS SIMEON L. DE TORRES

Panelist Panelist
REY M. MENDOZA WINDLE M. PEREZ

Panelist Panelist
MICHAEL BON JAIME
Panelist
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Grade 12 Senior High in Science, Technology Engineering and Mathematics
Department.
RHODORA L. CAPISTRANO
Date Assistant Principal II

iii
ABSTRACT
Theme : Experimental Research
Title : Analysis on the Effectiveness of Calamansi as House
Fly Repellent
Author/s : De Castro, Randz Andrea D., De Leon, Gecelyn T.,
Manalo, Angelica P., Sy Tamco, Ma. Alexa L., De
Villa, John Carlo, Dimayuga, Jian Carlo, Medina,
Aldrin C., Subol, Aaron D.
Email Address : randzandrea@gmail.com, gecelyndeleon7@gmail.com,
manaloangelica513@gmail.com,marialexasytamco@gm
ail.com, johncarlodevilla000@gmail.com,
jiandimayuga376@gmail.com,
medina.aldrin02@gmail.com, subolaaron22@gmail.com
Keywords : Calamansi, Extract, Repellent, House fly,
Effectiveness
The goal of this study is to test the effectiveness of calamansi extract as
house fly repellent. Through having an experimental research the results reveal
that the 90% calamansi extract is the most effective house fly repellent.
It was founded that calamansi has the component limonene in its S-oxide.
The molecule D- limonene has the capacity to melt an insect's protective wax
coating. Insects' respiratory tracts can also be destroyed by S-oxide, which
eventually repels them. For this reason, the researchers found potential in this
fruit to an alternative house fly repellent. As the researchers conducted the
experiment, different amounts of calamansi extract such as 30%, 60%, and 90%
were used as the amount of concentration. The measurements were applied to
see the most effective one. These measurements were required for experiments
that were using organic products. Additionally, the researchers used the same

iv
cage and cloth to test the extract so it would not cause any pretense to the result
of experimentation. Thus, it was found out that the 90% amount of calamansi
extract was the most effective house fly repellent in comparison with the 30%
and 60% calamansi extract.
Furthermore, the researchers strongly suggested that future academics
should spend more time on broader applications, such as poultry farms and
restaurants. It was also suggested that the agriculture and health industry in the
area must be approached about developing the house fly repellent. For
continuing improvement, more research and years of the researcher were
required.

v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The proponents sincerely express their deepest gratitude to the following who
made valuable contributions to make this research proposal possible. First, we
would like to give thanks to God for protection and ability to do work. The
researchers would also like to show their gratitude to Ms. Jessa M. Ariola-
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion teacher for giving guidelines for the
study all throughout the research process. The researchers would also like to
give thanks to their parents for the unending support and encouragement.
May God bless us all
R.A.D.C.,
G.T.D.,
A.P.M.,
M.A.L.S.,
J.C.D.V.,
J.C.D.,
A.C.M.,
A.D.S.

vi
DEDICATION
We, the researchers, dedicate this study to everyone who is our pillar of strength
when we are on the verge of giving up. To our parents who continually
encourage us throughout the process. To our family, friends, teachers and
classmates who always give us strength and motivation through their words of
encouragement to finish this study. And lastly, we dedicated this research to the
Almighty God. Indeed, we are very grateful for the mental and physical strength,
wisdom and protection and for this opportunity to share our talent in this field.
Thus, we offer you all of these.
R.A.D.C.,
G.T.D.,
A.P.M.,
M.A.L.S.,
J.C.D.V.,
J.C.D.,
A.C.M.,
A.D.S

vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………........ i
APPROVAL SHEET………………………………………………………....… ii
ABSTACT………………………………………………………………............. iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………...……………………………. v
DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………. vii
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………..... x
LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………….. xi
CHAPTER
I. THE PROBLEM
Introduction…………………………………………………………………..…1
Background of the Study……………………………………………….…….2
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………................4
Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………4
Scope and Limitations of the Study ………………………………...............5

viii
Significance of the Study ……………………………………………............6
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Literature ……............................................................................8
Related Studies Local……………...………………………………………....14
Related Studies Foreign ……………...……………………………..……....16
Synthesis………………………………………………….…………….……..19
Definition of Terms…….……………………………………………..............20
Conceptual framework...……………………………………….....................22
III. RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE
Research Design ……………………………………................................24
Preparation of Raw Materials………………………………………………24
Experimental Procedures…………………………………………......……26
Methods of Testing………………………………………………................26
IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Result of the Study………………………………………………….……….30
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary of Findings………………………………………………………..38
Conclusions……………………………………………………………..……39

ix
Recommendations……………………………………………....................39
PRODUCT PROPOSAL…………………………………………………………...41
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………….……………….44
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………....48
CURRICULUM VITAE………………………………………………….……........52

x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 Nutritional Value of Calamansi…………………………………………..11
2 Classification of Repellent………………………………...…….……….28
3 Components of Calamansi…………………….…………...……………31
4 Efficacy Of Calamansi…………………………………………….…..….32

xi
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE PAGE
1 Paradigm of the Study……………………………………………………......22
2 Procedural Flowchart………………………………………………….……...29
3 Average number of Houseflies affected by the repellent………………….33

1
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Musca domestica Linnaeus, the house fly, is a well-known worldwide pest
of both farm and home. This species is always found in close proximity to
humans or human activities. House flies are not only annoying, but they can also
carry disease-causing pathogens. Excessive fly populations pose a public health
risk when there are human habitations nearby (Arroyo, 2020).
Insect repellents derived from calamansi rind extract have a significant
impact on households since they provide a low-cost, all-natural pesticide.
Calamansi is a tiny, green citrus fruit with a spherical shape. It extracts can be
used as a pesticide to kill house flies and other insects. The calamansi fruit is a
citrus fruit. Calamansi extract (Citrofortunella microcarpa) as a pesticide
alternative is safe for many households. The study of calamansi extract as an
alternative pesticide has significant implications for solving a problem or need of
people, particularly simple households, against termite and house fly infestations.
This study aims to identify the effectiveness of calamansi extract as house
fly repellent. Furthermore, this research may assist individuals in obtaining less
expensive repellents that are also beneficial to our health due to their
naturalness. Calamansi can be found almost anyplace and is recognized to be a
multipurpose citrus fruits, therefore this study will help a large number of people.

2
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Flies breed in great numbers in the feces of caged hens, and this is a
severe problem that must be addressed. Despite the fact that Musca domestica
does not bite, its management is critical to human health and comfort in many
parts of the world. The discomfort and indirect damage caused by the possible
spread of infections (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes)
connected with this bug are the most serious consequences. Pathogenic
organisms are picked up by flies from waste, sewage, and other filthy sources,
and then conveyed to humans and animals via their mouthparts, vomitus,
excrement, and infected exterior body parts (Arroyo, 2020).
Chemical insect repellents are commonly employed in many houses to
combat different pest. These chemical insecticides have a number of drawbacks,
including the potential for pollution of the environment and harm to our health.
Strong scents are thought to repel some insects. Citrus fruits with strong scents,
such as calamansi, oranges, and dalandan, may deter insects. The pungent
fragrance of calamansi may be too much for the bug to handle. In an
investigation, the researchers utilized Calamansi extract to repel insects, notably
houseflies. Calamansi extracts revealed essential oils, and dalandan juice
includes limonene, an insect repellent or killer. Additional D-limonene was

3
obtained by extracting calamansi oil from calamansi peelings. To give the spray a
longer shelf life, salt was employed as a preservative.
Chemical pesticides are commonly employed to manage these pests in
many homes. However, the exorbitant cost of branded chemical insecticides, as
well as the health risks associated with them, creates a conundrum for Filipino
families. Continuous use of these insecticides can potentially cause respiratory
problems, especially if chemical substances from the product are breathed. This
research looks into the possibility of employing ginger and dalandan extracts to
repel and kill insects, specifically houseflies and cockroaches.
To deal with houseflies on our daily basis an effective repellent is needed.
Strong smell properties are thought to deter these insects. Citrus fruit has a
strong smell quality that may attract insects. Lemon is the most widely used
Citrus fruit as an insect repellent. Calamansi is the mentioned fruits to be used in
this research. The peels of calamansi have a distinct scent. These are in plenty
in calamansi or calamansi juice. So, this fruit was utilized as house fly repellent
by the research.
In addition, the researchers had to conduct research on the development
of calamansi extracts for repelling houseflies. This initiative will also investigate
certain extracts/oils to improve the insecticide's efficiency. The goal of this study
is to employ calamansi extract to kill house flies. Calamansi extract from
calamansi fruit will be studied in this study. The research will focus primarily on
house flies.

4
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The aim of this study was to identify the effectiveness of calamansi extract
as house fly repellent. Specifically it aims to:
1. What are the properties of calamansi extract that makes it a housefly
repellent?
2. What is the efficacy of calamansi extract repellent in terms of:
2.1. 30% calamansi extract
2.2. 60% calamansi extract
2.3.90% calamansi extract
3. What is the most effective housefly repellent?
4. How beneficial organic materials are as main components in products?
HYPOTHESIS
As the study was conducted, one of the following assumptions was made
to claimed in the end of the experiment.
1. The chemical compositions of calamansi contains the components that will
repel house fly such as D-limonene and hydroxycinnamic acids.
2. The efficacies of calamansi extract repellent in terms of different volumes
are enough repel the house flies.

5
3. The most effective house fly repellent tells which amount of extract is the
most effective to repel the house flies.
4. The organic material as the main component of the extract is beneficial as
it is found near our houses and can used as an alternative at home, farms,
and restaurants.
SCOPE, LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS
The goal of this study was to state the problem, formulate a hypothesis,
conduct an experiment, gather data, and come up with a solution to the problem.
Furthermore, this research study aimed to know the efficiency of calamansi
extract as house fly repellent. Its objective is to determine the significant
difference of the efficiency of the calamansi extract repellent in terms of different
proportions of extract.
This study was limited on the first 10 minutes of the house fly repellent
sprayed on the cloth. The researchers used worker house flies for this study. The
researchers mixed 3 proportions of calamansi which were 30%, 60%, and 90%
by volume then it was sprayed into the cloth that was put inside the cage with 10
houseflies in it. Each proportion had 3 trials in order to determine the most
effective.
The delimitation of this study were the other citrus fruits that are not found
in the municipality. This study is only limited to calamansi which has a scientific
name Citrofortunella microcarpa which are commonly found in the municipality of

6
Mataasnakahoy. Moreover, this research focused only on identifying the most
effective calamansi house fly repellent in terms of different proportions which was
limited first at Barangay San Sebastian, Mataasnakahoy, Batangas that were
considered as experimental zone by the researchers.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study was concerned with the effectivity of calamansi extract as a
house fly repellent. This study may be beneficial to the following sectors in
different aspects:
To the homeowners. The results of this study may help them in order to
prevent the increase of houseflies in their homes as calamansi extract may be
used as alternative way of repelling houseflies.
To the livestock farmers. The result of this study can aid in challenges
related to houseflies through preventing the spread of common housefly
diseases to farm animals.
To the calamansi vendors. This study will help them to easily persuade
consumers since the results of this study may serve as significant information
that can be used as their marketing strategy.
To the future researchers -this study will aid and serve as a guide or
reference for their future research. The data and information gathered in this

7
study may be a useful source of information for future researchers who share the
same goal as this study. They can get some ideas on how to collect the data that
they will need to support and strengthen their research.

8
CHAPTER II
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the
researcher considered in strengthening the claim and importance of the present
study.
RELATED LITERATURE
This experimental research showcased effectiveness of calamansi as
house fly repellent. This study also expressed the supporting facts regarding the
reliability and validity of the calamansi as an alternative house fly repellent
through a deep analyzing and assessments of various experiments. The
following related literatures and concepts supports the hypothesis that would help
the researchers through a further testing and observations
I. Calamansi
a. Origin
Calamansi's binomial name is Citrusfortunella microcarpa, which is also its
hybrid name. Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the Rutaceae
family of trees and shrubs. Microcarpa, on the other hand, is derived from the
ancient Greek terms mikros, meaning "little," and karpos, meaning "fruit." (Rey,
2020)

9
It is considered to have originated in China and was then transported to
Indonesia and the Philippines. Calamansi was widely dispersed across India,
southern Asia, and Malaysia, where the first descriptions were recorded and has
become the major citrus source in the Philippines. Meanwhile, calamansi is a
popular ornamental dooryard tree in Hawaii, the Bahamas, several West Indian
islands, and some parts of Central America. In 1899, Dr. David Fairchild brought
it to Florida from Panama. It immediately gained traction in Florida, Texas and
California (Morton, 1987).
According to Encyclopedia, calamansi is the Filipino English spelling of
Tagalog kalamansi, and it is the name by which it is best known in the
Philippines. It is also known as "calamondin" in parts of the United States,
particularly Florida, an old name from the American period of the Philippines. It is
an anglicized version of the Tagalog names kalamunding in Kapampangan and
Pangasinan, and lemunsito or suha in Visayas. It is regarded as one of the most
important indigenous fruit crops in the Philippines that can be found all over the
archipelago. The top producing provinces, Mindoro Oriental, Quezon, and
Guimaras, account for nearly 70% of national Calamansi production.
b. Uses
Calamansi contains a lot of vitamin C. Its juice is used as a flavoring
element or as an addition in a variety of cuisine recipes. The pulp is used to
make drinks, syrups, concentrates, and purees, while the peel is used to make
jams, sweets, and marmalade. The alkalinizing function of calamansi aids in

10
energy circulation and digestion. Rather than using drugs, most informed people
prefer to use natural methods of treatment. Citrus fruits, which are high in
Ascorbic Acid or vitamin C, are especially effective at strengthening the body's
immune system. Calamansi Juice contains antibacterial properties and can be
used as a natural mouthwash to get rid of bad breath in the morning. Calamansi
juice is a natural and effective way to keep your kidneys in good shape. It is not
necessary to take ten or more calamansi fruits in a glass of water at any given
time. It also removes pee odor and lightens the color of the urine. (Bocala, 2020)

11
Calories 37
Carbohydrate 89%
Fat .1 gm
Protein .8 gm
Calcium 40 mg
Riboflavin Trace
Niacin .1 mg
Iron 6 mg
Phosphorus 22 mg
Potassium 37 mg
Vitamin A 12%
Vitamin C 27 mg
Table 1: Nutritional Value of Calamansi
According to Morte 2017, calamansi fruit can also be mashed and used as
a shampoo for hair or applied to the scalp after shampooing for hair growth and
itching relief. Additionally, "Calamondin" juice can be applied to mosquito bites
and rubbed in to relieve irritation and itching. If used on a daily basis, it will also
bleach freckles and clear acne vulgaris. Orally, juice is used to treat coughs and
is frequently coupled with pepper to help clear mucus. In addition, Stoughton

12
2021 stated that calamansi juice has been used in traditional medicine as an
immune booster for years, it is high in vitamin C and other helpful minerals. Its
antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics appear to have the ability to boost
the development of white blood cells while also counteracting the harmful effects
of free radicals.
c. Properties
Citrus fruits contain limonene. Limonene is an insect repellant that is
found in nature. Citrus fruits like calamansi also contain linalool, a pesticide
derived by extracting oil from the rind. Pests despise limonene and linalool
smell and will avoid locations where they have been applied. The fleas can be
eliminated by a thorough washing. (Mulwane, 2020)
Furthermore, calamansi possesses citric acid, a colorless, crystalline
carboxylic acid found in almost all citrus fruits and plants. This acid was
discovered in 1784 by a Swedish scientist, but it wasn't employed for pest
management until recently. Citric acid is used in the home and garden to control
a variety of insects. This biodegradable acid has a low toxicity and is largely
noncorrosive, making it an excellent solution for insect prevention in both
residential and commercial settings.
Additionally, citric acid is inherently antibacterial, which means it
eliminates bacteria and prevents them from multiplying. It acts as a natural insect
repellent. A protective covering of citric acid will help keep pests and flies out of
the house during early season hunts when flies and yellow jackets are rampant.

13
Citric acid spray not only kills bacteria, but it also keeps insects away.
(McSparran,2021)
Calamansi also contains phosphorus. Increased phosphorus levels limit
the quantity of insects on crop plants and may diminish the survival rate of
insects that feed on them. This is because phosphorus is a key component of
several plant defense chemicals that can prevent insects from feasting or killing
them. (2019, Williams)
II. House Fly
Musca Domestica Linnaeus also known as house fly is a Muscidae family
insect. Houseflies account for over 90% of all flies found in human dwellings.
Houseflies, which were once a major nuisance and health danger in cities, are
still an issue wherever decomposing organic waste and litter are allowed to
accumulate.
The mature housefly has a dirty-yellowish abdomen and longitudinal lines
on the thorax. The noticeable compound eyes contain roughly 4,000 facets, and
the body size ranges from 5 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 inch). The housefly cannot bite
because its mouthparts are sponging or lapping; nevertheless, a close relative,
the stable fly, can bite. Because of the surface-tension qualities of a secretion
produced by tiny glandular pads (pulvilli) beneath each claw on the feet, the
housefly may walk on vertical window panes or hang upside down on a ceiling.

14
The female lays around 100 slender pale eggs (0.8 to 1 mm length) at a
time, producing between 600 and 1,000 eggs throughout the course of her life. In
12 to 24 hours, these eggs will hatch. The dirty-whitish maggots (larvae), which
are around 12 mm long, turn into pupae after many molts. When fully formed, the
adults expand a pouch (ptilinum) on the skull and burst the puparium's end to
emerge.
Houseflies may carry millions of bacteria on their feet, which can cause
sickness in big enough concentrations. Garbage, manure, and similar wastes can
be treated with larvicidal drenches or dusts if they can't be made inaccessible to
flies. Residual insecticidal sprays are effective against flies for several weeks;
however, certain pesticides, such as DDT, have acquired tolerance in some
houseflies.
RELATED STUDIES
LOCAL
According to Carigaba et. al. (2020) the larvicidal activity of C. microcarpa
(calamansi) peel essential oil was shown to be effective against third and early
fourth instar Aedes aegypti larvae in the current investigation. In their experiment
in every 15 minutes, Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamansi) leaf extract was
given. Calamansi leaf extracts successfully killed insects, with a 100 percent
concentration having the quickest impact time. There was no statistically
significant difference between the concentrations, according to the data. It was

15
found that the substances that contain a good amount of citrus were highly
effective in the activity of the larvae. As a result, it can be used as a substitute for
commercially available larvicides while causing minimal harm to non-target
species. Furthermore, the impact of Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamansi)
extract is comparable to that of commercial insecticides.
The use of native plants has long been a part of the lives and cultures of
indigenous peoples (IP). The Ayta are one of the Philippines' more than a
hundred indigenous peoples (IPs) with substantial ethnobotanical knowledge. In
a thorough investigation, the Mt. Pinatubo Ayta people were documented to use
around 500 plants as food, medicine, and material culture. Since Mt. Pinatubo
erupted in 1991, the Ayta people's environment has changed. Ethnobotanical
knowledge, however, is an important part of Ayta culture and traditional
knowledge (Ragragio et al. 2013).
Dumilon et. al. (2020) explained that calamansi has bacteria that can be
used as a microbial agent these are Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii,
Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus Galatia, E.
Tarda, and Yersinia enterocolitica. As a result, calamansi might be useful as a
microbial agent in agriculture. The presence of key components, such as
limonene, has a significant impact on the fragrance, antibacterial, antifungal, and
insect repellent characteristics of the oil. Citrus essential oil quality is mostly
determined by the amount of limonene contained in the essential oil, which may
be found in many varieties of citrus fruits. The data that has been gathered in
their study shows the comparison between sampaguita and calamansi extract

16
are the most effective and as a result the study shows that calamansi are
individually more potent than citronella as a mosquito repellent; therefore,
Sampaguita plant induced with Calamansi extracts is indeed a much more
effective mosquito repellent in comparison to Citronella.
As discussed in the study conducted by Anzaldo and Briones (1993) citrus
fruits also contain pesticides or insect repellents. Calamansi is an example of a
citrus fruit that may be used as an insecticide. Calamansi was chosen for this
study because it contains phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, coumaric
acid, and sinapic acid, all of which act as natural antibacterial agents and are fat,
salt, and cholesterol free. Carbohydrates, fibers, vitamin C, potassium, folic acid,
calcium, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin, vitamin B6, copper, phosphorus,
magnesium, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and other phytochemicals can all be
found in them. Calamansi's larvicidal ability can be linked to the presence of
alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, all of which are known to have
insecticidal and larvicidal properties. Furthermore, it exhibited a relatively higher
potential, in fact, it exceeded the larvicidal activity of a commercial larvicide-
tempos at the concentration used in the experiment (Pansit, Avila and Calumba
2018).
FOREIGN
According to Meisel and Scott (2018), house flies are major pests in all
animal production systems, and they are famously difficult to control due to their

17
high fecundity, rapid development, and proclivity for acquiring resistance to
insecticides used to control them. Furthermore, there are some situations and
environments where traditional insecticides are not appropriate. Essential oils are
one of the alternatives during ancient times, it has a long history of use as
pesticides on daily life in ancient Egypt (Khater 2017). They are tempting
alternatives to traditional pesticides because of their low mammalian and avian
toxicity, ease of use, and public acceptance (Khater 2012, Pavela and Benelli
2016, Rassem et al. 2018).
The main researcher and professor Dr. Mohamed E.I. Badawy at Egypt's
Alexandrja University's Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology
remarked that " This study, which we believe is the first of its kind, shows that
essential oil from the peels of citrus plants were very effective against larvae and
adults. This implies that there is a widely available product and there could be a
natural that can used as a control strategy (Taylor and Francis Group 2017).
Calamansi can be used as an alternative for citronella insect repellents
due to its citric nature or the citrus components it contains, as explained by Kelsy
Menil (2012). The various concentration levels investigated will be used to
establish the best amount of calamansi phytochemical extracts to use in the
mixture to assess the effectivity span and repellency. Citrus essential oil quality is
mostly determined by the amount of limonene contained in the essential oil,
which can be found in various varieties of citrus fruits. The influence of the
hydrodistillation extraction procedure on the yield and limonene composition of

18
essential oil derived from calamansi lime peels was investigated, as well as the
possible use of Citrus essential oil as a natural aromatic gel.
Several studies have shown the effects of Citrofortunella microcarpa
(lemonsito) and Carica papaya (papaya) extracts on other insects, but little is
known about their larvicidal efficacy against house flies, according to Pansit,
Avila, and Alumba (2018). There has been no research comparing the effects of
Citrofortunella microcarpa (lemonsito) and Carica papaya (papaya) on Aedes sp.
larvae mortality. As a result, this study looks into the larvicidal activity of
methanolic extracts of Citrofortunella microcarpa (lemonsito) and Carica papaya
(papaya) leaves against Aedes sp. mosquito larvae, the dengue vector. This
research could lead to the discovery of a new natural larvicide that will aid in the
control of the Aedes sp. house fly population, thereby assisting humans in the
prevention of the transmission of dengue and other pathogens carried by this
mosquito.
According to Bano (2014)'s recommendation for efficacy testing of house
fly repellents is cage measuring 18 x 18 x 18 cm was employed. The researchers
choose this kind of testing as it is necessary in knowing the efficacy of calamansi
as housy fly repellent. The cage test could be used to determine the efficiency of
calamansi as house fly repellent. It is made to watch the house fly settle on the
cage. The test will be done by keeping the house flies inside the cage which is
covered with transparent house fly netting. It contains holes for arm access that
are likewise covered with netting. The benefits of this method include providing
the person with a realistic experience of housefly probing as direct observation of

19
insect behavior toward treated objects. The advantages of this method are that it
simulates the real-life circumstance of a house fly probing a human, as well as
providing direct observation of the house fly's behavior toward the treated
materials.
Based on Lupi et al. (2013), Repellency (%) = (T/U) 100% is the most
used formula where U denotes the number of house flies that were used on the
experimentation and T presents the average number of house flies that was
repelled by the repellent.
SYNTHESIS
The conceptual literature discussed the calamansi specifically its
characteristics as a house fly repellent. On the other hand, house flies and the
commercially available insecticides were also presented in this part. The
research literature included related local and foreign studies as a guide in
determining the efficiency of calamansi as house fly repellent.
Generally, several pieces of research provide insights and data that will
be used in making this natural house fly repellent. Calamansi and house flies are
the main variables of this study. The efficiency of calamansi will be determine
based on the study of Bano (2014), efficacy testing of house fly repellents is cage
measuring 18 x 18 x 18 cm will be employed. It is made to watch the house fly
settle on the cage's untreated and treated cloth. The test will be done by keeping
the house flies inside the cage which is covered with transparent house fly

20
netting. The percentage of repellency will be computed using the formula from
Lupi et al. (2013), Repellency (%) = (T/U) 100% is the most used formula where
U denotes the number of house flies that were used on the experimentation and
T presents the number of house flies that were affected by the repellent.
Moreover, this study will also observe how the calamansi extract is
effective as repellent through the study of Carigaba et. al. (2020), that in every 15
minutes, Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamansi) extract will be given. This
research will also test the effectiveness of calamansi as repellent based on the
study of Internal Journal Mosquito Research, using plant samples and leaves
were washed with tap water and then rinsed with distilled water. The plant
samples will be completely dry 48 hours at room temperature. The plant samples
dried leaves were chopped into small pieces and crushed using an electric
blender. However, the proponents of this study will only focus on the efficiency of
calamansi as house fly repellent.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
For the purpose of clarification, the important terms used in the study have
been defined.
CALAMANSI. It possesses citric acid, a colorless, crystalline carboxylic acid
found in almost all citrus fruits and plants. This acid was discovered in 1784 by a
Swedish scientist, but it wasn't employed for pest management until recently.

21
(Mulwane, 2020) It is a fruit that will be the independent variable and ingredient
to be used in the insect repellent.
CAGE. It's a regular graph with the smallest number of vertices conceivable for
its size. It is made of wire or metal bars that houses birds or animals. (Gómez,
2021) It is a tool where the houseflies were kept. It has four sides which were
covered with transparent house fly netting.
EXTRACT. It is a substance made by extracting a part of raw materials, often by
using a solvent such as ethanol or water. Extracts may be sold as tinctures or in
powder form. (Canlas, 2014) It is the liquid component of calamansi that will be
used in making the product.
EFFECTIVENESS. Effectiveness is determined by whether a certain practice
does more good than damage in the context of standard medical practice (Kim,
2013) It is the desired outcome of this conducted research, to determine which is
the most potent product.
REPELLENT. Repellents have been used for a considerable length of time in
recorded history. It is used in an attempt to protect ourselves from biting insects
and the pathogens that they transmit. (Bagajewicz, 2006) This product is used at
surfaces with a goal to keep the house fly away from surfaces.

22
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This part states how the researchers create an idealistic output to solve
the effectiveness of calamansi extract as house fly repellent. The researchers
use the input process output (IPO) model to discuss the main problem and to
formulate solution which they included in the process below.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
 Properties of
Calamansi
 Efficacy of
Repellent in
Conduct 3 trials
terms of:
a) 30% then record the
calamansi
extract findings after the
b) 60%
calamansi experiment.
extract The expected
c) 90% output of this
research is a
calamansi Determine the Calamansi
extract
Repellent.
Efficiency of
 Most effective
housefly repellent Calamansi as House
Fly Repellent using the

 Benefits of
organic materials Formula.
as main
components in
the product
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

23
The Figure 1 reflects the variables and processes that will be followed by
the researchers as they push forward their study.
The input includes the prior information which will be analysed and
stacked by the researchers to gain knowledge about the study. It contains the
materials that will be used in testing the effectivity of calamansi as well as the key
concepts related to the topic.
As for the second box, this contains the process that will be conducted by
the researchers to gather essential data support the study. It includes conducting
3 trials then records the findings after the experiment and determining the
efficiency of calamansi as house fly repellent using the given formula. These
methods will be conducted in order to collect significant information that they
need in order to assess how effective is calamansi extract in repelling house
flies. The gathered data will then be slated in results and discussion and be
presented through tables. The summary of all the data will be included in the
conclusion. Lastly, the output includes the item that the researchers are expected
to present at the end of the study which is calamansi repellent.

24
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, PROCEDURE AND DESIGN
This chapter discusses and presents the experimental research design,
experimental procedures and flowchart.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study used an experimental design to determine the effectivity of the
calamansi as house fly repellent. This quantitative research have its own method
and style of study but it have the same goal which is to seek, formulate and solve
a certain problem. Still, there are suitable questionnaires for each type of
quantitative research that includes its general and specific objectives.
Experimental research is a type of scientific examination in which one or
more independent variables are changed and then applied to one or more
dependent variables to see how they affect the latter. Independent variable
effects on dependent variables are routinely observed and recorded over time to
aid researchers in reaching a reasonable conclusion regarding the relationship
between these two types of variables.
A. PREPARATION OF MATERIALS
a) Preparation/Collection of Materials
The researchers prepare 200 mL of calamansi extract. In addition, they
will also collect 30 houseflies in their own residences. The proponents will look

25
for the necessary tools to extract the calamansi, such as a beaker, knife,
container, strainer, three spray bottles, a net, and a funnel. After acquiring all of
the necessary materials, the proponent should wash the calamansi fruit.
b) Extract the calamansi
Calamansi comes in a very small size so it can be difficult to peel. Instead
of peeling the fruit, the researchers will cut the calamansi in half horizontally. To
get the extract, the fruit will be squeezed in a container. Subsequently, the
proponents will set a strainer over a bowl or container and pour the extract
through it to filter out any seeds in the calamansi extract.
c) Determining the proportion of calamansi extract
The proponents will determine the proportion of calamansi extract that will
used in the experiment. To accomplish this, they will divide the extract in given
proportions; a) 30 % of calamansi extract, b) 60% of calamansi extract, and c)
90% of calamansi extract. The proponents transfer each proportion in separate
open spray bottles. They will also label each spray bottles so that there would be
no confusion throughout the experimentation. The proportions were determined
using a graduated cylinders.
d) Make separate cages
A test cage with a size of 18 x 18 x 18 cm will be filled with house flies.
The test will be done by keeping the house flies inside the cage which is covered
with transparent house fly netting. To test the repellent, the 10 houseflies will be
used in each cage.

26
B. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
e) Spray the extract in the cloth
The proponents sprayed the calamansi extract on the cloth then put it
inside the cage containing the houseflies. Tests was performed for up to 30
minutes application or until repellency fails. The researchers observed the
houseflies each trial and record their observations to see the results and to come
up with a conclusion.
C. METHODS OF TESTING
f) Conduct 3 trials then record the findings after the experiment.
Different proportions of calamansi repellent were created in order to test
and select the most efficient house fly repellent. The proportions that will be
used are 30% of calamansi extract, 60% of calamansi extract, and 90% of
calamansi extract.
g) Determine the Efficiency of Calamansi as House Fly Repellent
The cage test will be used to determine the efficiency of calamansi as
house fly repellent. It is made to watch the house fly settle on the cage. The test
will be done by keeping the house flies inside the cage which is covered with
transparent house fly netting. A cage measuring 18 x 18 x 18 cm will be
employed. The researchers choose this kind of testing as it is necessary in
knowing the efficacy of calamansi as housy fly repellent.
The formula that was used to compute the percentage of repellency or
protection time is:

27
Repellency (%) = (T/U) 100%
where the U denotes the number of house flies that were used on the
experimentation and T presents the average number of house flies that were not
affected by the repellent. According to Lupi et al. (2013), this is the most
commonly used formula, while the percentage of repellency was sometimes
computed with alternative formulas.
The impact of calamansi extract on house flies would be rated through a
specific criterion shown in Table no.2. It will be classified into not repelled,
moderately repelled, major repelled, and repelled. This kind of classification
would help the researchers to objectively determine the efficacy of the repellent
to the house flies.

28
Level Classification Description
0 Not Repelled No houseflies are keeping away from the

cloth in the majority of three trials.
1 Moderately 1-3 are keeping away from the cloth that

Repelled has a repellent in the majority of three
trials.
2 Major Repelled 4-7 are keeping away from the cloth that
has a repellent in the majority of three
trials.
3 Repelled 8-10 are keeping away from the cloth that

has a repellent in the majority of three
trials.
Table 2: Classification of Repellent

29
Figure2. Procedural Flowchart
Preparation/Collection Extracting the Calamansi

of Materials
Materials needed:
Calamansi, Beaker, Determining the
Knife, Container, proportion of Calamansi
Strainer, and Three
Spray Bottles.
a) 30 % of calamansi extract
b) 60% of calamansi extract

Make separate cages
c) 90% of calamansi extract.
Conduct 3 trials then record

Spray the extract on the the findings after the
cloth experiment.
Spray the calamansi extract Different proportions of

on the cloth then put it inside calamansi repellent were
the cage containing the created in order to test and
houseflies. select the most efficient
Determine the Efficiency of

Calamansi as House Fly
Repellent

30
CHAPTER IV
INTERPRETATION, ANALYSIS, AND PRESENTATION OF DATA
This chapter involves the presentation of the data gathered through
experimentation and direct observation of the researchers on the experiment of
calamansi extract as housefly repellent. The following table below was the result
of the experimentation followed by the interpretation of the researchers. Data
were analyzed to identify and describe the effectiveness of calamansi extract as
a housefly repellent.
Results and Discussions
1. The properties of Calamansi extract that makes it a housefly repellent
According to Marilla Mulwane Citrus fruits contain chemicals that kill or
repel pests in addition to chemically labeled insecticides. According to her,
calamansi is an example of a citrus fruit that can be utilized as an insecticide.
The citrus fruit calamansi grows abundantly in the Philippines. Calamansi extract
has been said to kill insects because it contains limonene in its S-oxide form. D-
limonene, a molecule found in calamansi, can have the capacity to melt an
insect's protective wax coating. Insects' respiratory tracts can also be destroyed
by S-oxide. Calamansi also contains four different types of hydroxycinnamic
acids. Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid are the four

31
acids. The whole calamansi fruit also contains a modest amount of carbs (3%),
minerals (1%), ascorbic acid (0.1%), and citric acid (5.5%). (3%) Essential oils
and ascorbic acid are abundant in the peel (0.15%). Furthermore, calamansi
juice is highly acidic, containing 5.5 percent citric acid. (Food Chem, 2012).
No. Content (%) Compound

1 29.52 D-Limonene
2 13.76 (R)-(+)-Citronellal
3 8.88
3-Isopropenyl-5,5-dimethyl-cyclopentene
4 7.30 𝛾-Terpinene
5 6.90 Citronellol
6 5.5 Citric Acid
7 4.61 𝛼-Terpineol
9 2.58 L-𝛽-Pinene
10 2.37 𝛼-Farnesene
12 1.82 (R)-𝛼-Pinene
13 1.66 (+)-Neoisoisopulegol
14 1.60 Citronellol
15 1.50 𝛼-Terpinene
16 1.46 𝛽-Myrcene
17 1.37 𝛼-Sinensal
18 1.18 Citronellol
19 1.17 trans-Linalool oxide (furanoid)
20 0.79 Terpinolene
21 0.72 Octanal
22 0.66 𝛽-Germacrene
23 0.58 1-Octanol
24 0.58 Ethyl 2-(5-methyl-5-vinyltetrahydrofuran-2-
yl)propan-2-yl carbonate
25 0.47 Decanal
Table 3: Components of Calamansi

32
2. The Efficacy of Calamansi Extract Repellent in terms of percentage.
6.7
Table 4: Efficacy Of Calamansi
This table shows the percentage of calamnsi extract that was used in the
experiment, the number of house flies that were used on the experimentation (U),
the average number of house flies that were affected by the repellent (T), and the
No. of Trials the experiment was conducted. As what the table showed, all the
houseflies are sprayed by a calamansi repellent. The researchers allotted a time

33
of 10 minutes to observe the effect of calamansi pulp extract as a repellent. After
10 minutes of observation, the researchers declared the houseflies were affected
by the repellent.
The following data were gathered to test the most effective calamansi
extract as house fly repellent. This data was gathered after 3 trials.
12
10
Number of Houseflies that
Trial 1
were repelled
6
Trial 2
4 Trial 3
0
30% Calamansi 60% Calamansi 90% Calamansi
Extract Extract Extract
Amount of Calamansi Extract
Figure 3. Average number of Houseflies affected by the repellent
Based on the gathered data for Trial 1 in terms of the amount of calamansi
extract, the 90% calamansi extract achieved the highest number of houseflies
that were repelled with 10 houseflies. On the other hand, it was followed by the
60% calamansi extract with 8 houseflies that were repelled. While the 30%
calamansi extract got the lowest number of houseflies that were repelled with 7

34
houseflies. Therefore, the 90% calamansi extract turns out to be the most
effective repellent for the first trial followed by 60% and 30% respectively.
Furthermore, according to the data gathered in Trial 2, in terms of the amount of
calamansi extract the 90% calamansi extract achieved the highest number of
houseflies that were repelled with 9 houseflies, it is followed by the 60%
calamansi extract with a total of 8 houseflies that were repelled, and the 30%
houseflies. In this trial the most effective repellent was the 90% calamansi extract
followed by 60% and 30% respectively. Moreover, on the Trial 3 the amount of
repellent that has the highest number of houseflies repelled was the 60%
calamansi extract with 9 houseflies. On the other hand, it was followed by the
90% calamansi extract with 8 houseflies that were repelled. While the 30%
houseflies. In this trial the most effective is the 60% calamansi extract followed
by 90% and 30% respectively.
In this case, the results were supported by McSparran (2021) calamansi
possesses citric acid that is inherently antibacterial, which means it eliminates
bacteria and prevents them from multiplying. It acts as a natural insect repellent.
A protective covering of citric acid will help keep pests and flies out of the house
during early season hunts when flies and yellow jackets are rampant. Citric acid
spray not only kills bacteria, but it also keeps insects away. After observation, the
houseflies are proven to be repelled by the calamansi extract. This research was
done outside to test its natural capability as a natural housefly repellent.

35
Given the formula and recorded time in Table above the repellency
percent of the solutions are as follows:
a. 30% calamansi extract
T = 20/3 =6.7
Repellency (%) = (6.7/10) 100% = 67%
As the result shown from the computation above the repellency of the 30%
calamansi extract is 67%. Based on the Table 3 it can be classified as “Major
Repelled” because the average number of flies that are keeping away from the
cloth that has a repellent in the majority of three trials is 6.7.
b. 60% calamansi extract
T = 25/3 =8.3
Repellency (%) = (8.3/10) 100% =83%
As the result shown from the computation above the efficacy of the 60%
calamansi extract is 83%. Based on the Table 3 it can be classified as “Repelled”
because the average number of houseflies that are keeping away from the cloth
that has a repellent in the majority of three trials is 8.3.
c. 90% calamansi extract
T = 27/3 =9
Repellency (%) = (9/10) 100% =90%
As the result shown from the computation above the efficacy of the 90%
calamansi extract is 90%. Based on the Table 3 it can be classified as “Repelled”

36
because the average number of houseflies that are keeping away from the cloth
that has a repellent in the majority of three trials is 9.
3. The most effective housefly repellent.
Based on the table and computations that are shown above, the repellent
that is most effective is the one with the 90% Calamansi extract because the
cage where the house flies are placed are completely repelled. They are not
getting any closer to the cloth within the 3 trials that the experiment was
conducted. Out of the 10 houseflies that were placed on the cage only one or two
of them are not repelled. According to the study of Carigaba et. al. (2020) it was
found that the substances that contain a good amount of citrus were highly
effective in the activity of the larvae. As a result, it can be used as a substitute for
commercially available larvicides while causing minimal harm to non-target
species. Furthermore, the impact of Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamansi)
extract is comparable to that of commercial insecticides.
4. How beneficial organic materials are as main components in products
The organic materials employed as key components in this study are
advantageous because they are inexpensive and can be used in any household.
This was supported by the study of Kelsy Menil (2012) that states that calamansi
can be used as an alternative for citronella insect repellents due to its citric
nature or the citrus components it contain. It is a common fruit that can be
obtained near our homes or in any market, and it may be used as a natural

37
alternative housefly repellent. This was also supported by the study of Dumilon
et. al. (2020) that states that calamansi might be useful as a microbial agent in
agriculture as it was the only extract that demonstrated substantial levels of
extremely high larvicidal activity, suggesting that calamansi could be a viable
alternative to commercial pesticides. It is reasonably inexpensive, given that it is
generated locally, and it is safer for humans and the environment than man-
made repellent.

38
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This part summarizes the findings of the study based on the results of the
study conducted by the researchers and the suggestions recommended for
similar studies.
Summary of Findings
The experimental research determined the effectiveness of calamansi
extract as natural house fly repellent. It was found out that calamansi contains
limonene which have the capacity to melt an insect's protective wax coating,
killing it. Insects' respiratory tracts can also be destroyed by S-oxide, resulting in
death. For this reason, the researchers find potential of this fruits as an
alternative housefly repellent.
As the researchers conducted the experiment, different amount of extracts
was used in the repellent such as 30%, 60%, and 90% were used as amount of
concentrations. The given amount of concentrations was used to see the most
effective repellent. These concentrations were required for experiments using
organic product. Furthermore, the researchers used the same number of
houseflies and cloth to not cause any pretense to the result of experimentation.
Hence, it was found out that the 90% calamansi extract was the most effective
house flies repellent to use at least for 10 houseflies in comparison with 30% and
60% calamansi extract.

39
Conclusion
After an in-depth analysis of the data gathered, the following conclusions
were drawn:
1. The chemical composition of calamansi which was limonene which have the
capacity to melt an insect's protective wax coating, resulting for its death. This
element is an essential component of a housefly repellent.
2. Based on the results of the 3 trials, the 30% calamnsi extract has an
effectivity rate of 67% while 60% calamansi extract has an effectivity rate of
83% and the 90% calamansi extract is the most effective to use as a natural
housefly repellent compared to the other extracts as it has 90% effectivity
rate.
3. The most effective house fly repellent among the 3 volume of extracts was
the 90% calamansi extract.
4. The 90% calamansi extract must be introduced to public to help them battle
the houseflies. Production of the repellent must showcase the effectivity of
calamansi.
Recommendation
Based on the conclusions drawn, the following recommendations are as
follows:
1. The chemical composition limonene which can be found in the calamansi can
be checked by the Environmental Protection Agency of the Philippines for

40
further information about the calamansi. An effective housefly repellent shall
contain this component to ensure its effectiveness.
2. The 90% concentration is advisable to be an alternative housefly repellent.
3. The researchers also recommend that future researchers can conduct
another trial-and-experiment using the most 90% calamansi extract housefly
repellent exceeding experimentation on testing time for an hour.
4. This calamansi extract has a potential to be an alternative housefly repellent.
The researchers want to recommend this product to MSHS students
especially to the TVL for sanitation purposes and STEM for further
experimentation.
5. Culture houseflies from a parent house fly before doing the experimentation.

41
PRODUCT PROPOSAL
I. Product Name: CitMic ( CITrus MICrocarpa )
The name of this alternative house fly repellent is derived from its
own origin. The amount of the product will be 75 mL for a whole bottle.
II. Objectives
 To conduct in - depth study of calamansi repellent, as it receives
legal certification from credible sources.
 To obtain approval from different organizations for the product's
release to the public.
 To gather different suggestions for improving and enhancing the
proposed product from other credible organizations
 To enhance the study's feasibility, it will be backed up by
documents from reliable sources for more reliable acceptance.
III. Introduction and Justification
The target of this research is to conduct an trial-and-experiment
test to identify the effectiveness of Citrus Microcarpa as an alternative
house fly repellent.
This fruit is known for having components such as D-limonene that
has the capacity to melt an insect's protective wax coating. Calamansi has
a potential to be an alternative house fly repellent as it can be useful as a
microbial agent in agriculture because it was the only extract that
demonstrated substantial levels of extremely high larvicidal activity.

42
As the researchers conducted the experiment the Cirtrus
Microcarpa’s extract was pack into 75 mL spray bottles that has 30%,
60%, and 90% calamansi extract. This calamansi extract was applied into
each cage that contains house flies. After observation, the researchers
finds out that the 90% calamansi extract is the most effective among the
three volumes. The number of house flies that has the highest average
amount of house flies that were repelled is on the 90% calamansi extract
wherein the number of houseflies that were repelled is 9. Repellent is one
way to drive away the insects. In this stance, the researcher wants to offer
assistance for developing this kind of house fly repellent in the
environmental industry of Mataasnakahoy.
IV. Certifications Required before Production
 Letter of approval from Environmental Protection Agency of the
Philippines
 Letter of approval from Mataasnakahoy Agriculture Unit
First, send a letter of approval to known environmental agencies
such as Environmental Protection Agency of the Philippines and
Mataasnakahoy Agriculture Unit for the product to have a legit credibility in
the market. Then, the researchers highly recommend these various
agencies that further studies must be done for a wider use of the product.

43
 Expected Results
 Finally received certification from various agencies in relation with
the effectiveness of calamansi as an alternative house fly repellent
for credibility purposes through legalization matters.
 Promote the product to the local agriculture sector in the
municipality to increase awareness on the fruits as an alternative
house fly repellent that can provide help the locality.
 Provide information to the agricultural sector regarding the use of
this fruit that contains the capability to serve an alternative house fly
repellent.

44
BIBLIOGRAPHY
JOURNAL
Effiom, O. E. Avoaja D. A , & Ohaeri,(2012). Mosquito Repellent Activity of

Phytochemical Extracts from Peels of Citrus Fruit Species.
https://globaljournals.org/GJSFR_Volume12/2-Mosquito-Repellent-
Activity-of-Phytochemical-Extracts.pdf
Morte M.Y.T. (1993). Potential of Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Fruit

Peels Extract in Lowering the Blood Glucose Level of Streptozotocin
Induced Albino Rats (Rattus albus)
http://www.ijfe.org/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=124&id
=530
Morte, M. (2017). Potential of Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Fruit Peels

Extract in Lowering the Blood Glucose Level of Streptozotocin Induced
Albino Rats (Rattus albus). P. 29
Morton, J. (1987). Calamondin. p. 176–178 Qualitative and Quantitative

Composition of the Flavour Components of Taiwan Calamondin and
Philippine Calamansi Fruit
https://www.pubhort.org/ejhs/2004/file_11034.pdf
Nimfa R Pansit, Stella Therese R Avila, Joyce R Calumba(2018). Larvicidal

activity of Citrofortunella microcarpa (Lemonsito) and Carica
papaya (papaya)extracts against the dengue-vector
mosquito, Aedes sp.. Int J Mosq
https://www.dipterajournal.com/archives/2018/5/4/A/5-3-16
Numerical Reports
Meisel, R.P., Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology (2018)

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.01.001

45
Tantengco OAG, Condes MLC, Estadilla HHT, Ragragio EM. Ethnobotanical

Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Ayta Communities in Dinalupihan,
Bataan, Philippines. Pharmacog J. 2018;10(5):859-70.
https://mail.phcogj.com/sites/default/files/PharmacognJ-10-5-859_0.pdf
THESIS
Bano M. (2014) Comparative Study of the Effect of Different Fruit Extracts as

Potential Plastic Solvent http://tagum.umindanao.edu.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2021/06/3-UMTC-VECTOR-FULL-PAPER-VOL-2-SY-
2017-2018.pdf
Carigaba, M.A.E., Leonida, M.A.J., Masculino, C.J.C., Mediodia, C.J.A. & Garbo,
A.G. (2020). Larvicidal activity of Citrofortunella microcarpa (calamansi)
peel essential oil against third and early fourth instar Aedes aegypti.
Publiscience, http://www.publiscience.org/wp-
content/uploads/2020/06/Larvicidal-activity-of-Citrofortunella-microcarpa-
peel-EO-against-Aedes-aegypti.pdf
Castro T., Menil L., Tamaray M., Estacio D.A. & Dumilon F. (2020). Sampaguita
(Jasminum sambac) Extracts with Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)
Extracts as an Effective Alternative to Citronella (Cymbogon nardus)
Repellent Against Mosquitoes
https://www.academia.edu/42416244/Sampaguita_Jasminum_sambac_Ex
tracts_with_Calamansi_Citrofortunella_microcarpa_Extracts_as_an_Effect
ive_Alternative_to_Citronella_Cymbogon_nardus_Repellent_Against_Mos
quitoes
Lee Marvin C. De Villa, Mary Joy A. Abantes, Merlina C. Asi, Noelyn Joy C.
Balmeo, Alyssa Monique D. Bustillo, Eunice M. Calangi&Lhuvie Jean R.
Cruzado(2012). Larvicidal activity of four Philippine plants against Dengue
virus vector Aedes aegypti(Linn.) https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2014/10/STETH-6.2.pdf

46
Lupi et al. (2013) A comparative study of different solvents and extraction

techniques on the anti-oxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of
Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) fruit pulp
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629918323317
ELECTRONIC SOURCE
Arroyo, Hussein & Capinera, John (2020) Entomology of House Fly. Retrieved
from https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/flies/house_fly.htm#intro
Bocala, L. (2020). Description of Calamansi Fruits. Retrieved from

https://citruscalamansicom.wordpress.com/2014/10/27/description-of-
calamansi-fruits/
Food Chem (2012) Characterisation of calamansi (Citrus microcarpa). Part I:

volatiles, aromatic profiles and phenolic acids in the peel
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23107679/
Giltendez Earl Van Eric (2016). Insect repellent property of hagonoy and
alagaw.
https://www.academia.edu/31136331/insect_repellent_property_of_hagon
oy_and_alagaw
Khater H.F. & Geden C.J. (2019) Efficacy and repellency of some essential oils
and their blends against larval and adulthouse flies, Musca domestica L.
(Diptera: Muscidae)
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jvec.12357
Maestro, R. (2020). What Is the Scientific Name of Calamansi? Retrieved from

https://philnews.ph/2020/07/07/what-is-the-scientific-name-of-calamansi-
answer/

47
Malik et al (2007). Resistance of House Fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera:

Muscidae), to Five Insecticides in Zhejiang Province, China: The Situation
in 2017. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cjidmm/2019/4851914/
Markussen and Kristensen (2012). Mechanism of Insecticide Resistance in

Insects/Pests. http://www.pjoes.com/Mechanism-of-Insecticide-
Resistance-nin-Insects-Pests,108513,0,2.html
McSparran, R. (2021). 3 Reasons Every Hunter Should Carry Citric Acid Spray .
Retrieved from https://www.caribougear.com/blogs/hunting-tips/3-reasons-
every-hunter-should-carry-citric-acid-sprayGear Outdoor Equipment
Company
Melgar Sunny M. (2018). Utilization of Papaya Leaf Extracts (Carica papaya) as

Natural Pesticides on Green Mustard Plant
https://www.scribd.com/document/444553707/Research-Output-docx
Mulwane, M. (2020). Citrus Fruit Peels as an Insecticide. Retrieved from

https://www.ehow.com/info_12024751_citrus-fruit-peels-insecticide.html
Stoughton, J. (2021). Calamansi Juice: Benefits, Recipe, And Side Effects.

Retreived from https://www.organicfacts.net/calamansi-juice.html
Taylor & Francis Group(2017). Citrus fruit peel: Potential alternative to mosquito
control discovered
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171010200124.htm
William, S. (2019). Nutrient Inputs and Hungry Insects. Retrieved from

https://www.dtn.com/nutrient-inputs-and-hungry-insects/

48
APPENDICES

49
INPUT
PROCESS
The researchers cut the calamansi in half horizontally and
then squeezed the extract in a container. A strainer was used to
filter out any seeds in the calamansi extract.

OUTPUT

50
Preparing the Cage
The researchers made an 18 x 18 x 18 cm box covered with
house fly netting to be used as a cage on the experiment.
Getting house flies on the cages
The researchers are putting 10 houseflies on each cage for
the trial and experimentation.

51
Trial 1
Trial 2

Trial 3


52
CURRICULUM VITAE

53
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Randz Andrea D. De Castro
Home Address: #083, Barangay San Sebastian,
Mataasnakahoy, Batangas
Contact Number: 09466144422
Email Address: randzandrea@gmail.com
Date of Birth: June 30, 2004
Place of Birth: Lipa City, Batangas
Gender: Female
Age: 17
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Educational Attainment
Primary: Kinalaglagan Elementary School
School Year: 2015-2016
Junior High School: Bayorbor National High School
Senior High School: Mataasnakahoy Senior High School

54
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Gecelyn T. De Leon
Home Address: Brgy. Kinalaglagan,
Mataasnakahoy Batangas
Email Address:gecelyndeleon7@gmail.com
Date of Birth: July 05,2004
Place of Birth: Brgy. Kinalaglagan, Mataasnakahoy Batangas
Gender: Female
Age: 17
Religion: Catholic
Junior High School: Balete National High School

55
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Angelica P. Manalo
Home Address: Barangay Nangkaan
Email Address: manaloangelica513@gmail.com
Date of Birth: August 13, 2003
Place of Birth: Mataasnakahoy, Batangas
Gender: Female
Age: 18
Religion: Cristian (MCGI)
Primary: Nangkaan Elementary School
School Year: 2015 - 2016
School Year: 2019 - 2020
School Year: 2021 – 2022

56
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Ma. Alexa L. Sy Tamco
Home Address: Brgy. Kinalaglagan,
Email Address: marialexasytamco@gmail.com
Date of Birth: September 08, 2004
Place of Birth: San Isidro, Hagonoy, Bulacan
Gender: Female
Age: 17

57
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Dimayuga, Jian Carlo L.
Home Address: Brgy. Bayorbor, Mataasnakahoy,

Batangas
Email Address: jiandimayuga376@gmail.com
Date of Birth: October 11, 2002
Gender: Male
Age: 18
Primary: Bayorbor Elementary School

58
PERSONAL DATA
Name: John Carlo D. De Villa
Home Address: Barangay Loob
Mataasnakahoy Batangas
Email Address: johncarlodevilla000@gmail.com
Date of Birth: July 20, 2004
Place of Birth: Lopez, Quezon
Gender: Male
Age: 17
Primary: Loob Elementary School
Junior High School: Mataasnakahoy National High School

59
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Aldrin Medina
Home Address:Brgy. IV,
Contact Number:09761126316
Email Address: medina.aldrin02@gmail.com
Date of Birth: 03/24/04
Gender: Male
Age: 18
Religion: Catholic
Primary: Santol-Mangahan Elementary School
Junior High School:Bayorbor National High School
School Year:2019-2020

60
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Aaron D. Subol
Home Address: Brgy. 4,

Mataasnakahoy,Batangas
Contact Number :09060050159
Email Address: subolaaron22@gmail.com
Date of Birth: August 22, 2004
Gender: Male
Age:17
Nationality:Filipino
Primary: Paaralang Sentral ng Mataasnakahoy

3is Analysis On The Effectiveness of Calamansi As House Fly Repellent Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3is Analysis On The Effectiveness of Calamansi As House Fly Repellent Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

i

ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CALAMANSI

In partial fulfilment of requirements for the subjects

De Castro, Randz Andrea D.

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion and Capstone Project

ROSE ANN C. MALUNES JESSA M. ARIOLA

Approved by the COMMITTEE ON INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS AND

ARIANE A. ARIAS SIMEON L. DE TORRES

REY M. MENDOZA WINDLE M. PEREZ

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion and Capstone Project

The goal of this study is to test the effectiveness of calamansi extract as

coating. Insects' respiratory tracts can also be destroyed by S-oxide, which

fruit to an alternative house fly repellent. As the researchers conducted the

were used as the amount of concentration. The measurements were applied to

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion and Capstone Project

and 60% calamansi extract.

Furthermore, the researchers strongly suggested that future academics

continuing improvement, more research and years of the researcher were

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion and Capstone Project

made valuable contributions to make this research proposal possible. First, we

May God bless us all

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion and Capstone Project

encourage us throughout the process. To our family, friends, teachers and

Thus, we offer you all of these.

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion and Capstone Project

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………........ i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………. vii

LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………….. xi

Background of the Study……………………………………………….…….2

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………................4

Scope and Limitations of the Study ………………………………...............5

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion and Capstone Project

Significance of the Study ……………………………………………............6

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature ……............................................................................8

Related Studies Local……………...………………………………………....14

Related Studies Foreign ……………...……………………………..……....16

III. RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE

Research Design ……………………………………................................24

Preparation of Raw Materials………………………………………………24

IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Result of the Study………………………………………………….……….30

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion and Capstone Project

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion and Capstone Project

1 Nutritional Value of Calamansi…………………………………………..11

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion and Capstone Project

1 Paradigm of the Study……………………………………………………......22

3 Average number of Houseflies affected by the repellent………………….33

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion and Capstone Project

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Musca domestica Linnaeus, the house fly, is a well-known worldwide pest

carry disease-causing pathogens. Excessive fly populations pose a public health

risk when there are human habitations nearby (Arroyo, 2020).

Insect repellents derived from calamansi rind extract have a significant

impact on households since they provide a low-cost, all-natural pesticide.

citrus fruit. Calamansi extract (Citrofortunella microcarpa) as a pesticide

alternative is safe for many households. The study of calamansi extract as an

alternative pesticide has significant implications for solving a problem or need of

This study aims to identify the effectiveness of calamansi extract as house

naturalness. Calamansi can be found almost anyplace and is recognized to be a

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion and Capstone Project