Animal Science

Sinoatrial node = Cardiac pacemaker

blood

a - erythrocytes
b - neutrophil
c - eosinophil
d - lymphocyte
fission

English: 1: The bacterium before binary fission has the DNA tightly coiled.2:
The DNA of the bacterium has replicated . 3: The DNA is pulled to the separate
poles of the bacterium as it increases size to prepare for splitting. 4: The growth
of a new cell wall begins the separate of the bacterium. 5: The new cell wall fully
develops, resulting in the complete split of the bacterium. 6: The new daughter
cells have tightly coiled DNA, ribosomes, and plasmids.
 budding

Hydra

Sacharomyces cerevisiae cells in DIC microscopy

A number of commonly cultivated plants are usually propagated by vegetative means rather than by
seeds. This is a listing of such plants:

African violets — leaf cuttings

Apple — grafting
Avocado — grafting
Banana — sucker removal
blackberries (Rubus occidentalis) — stem cuttings
Peach — grafting
Canna — division
Cannabis — stem cuttings
Citrus (lemon, orange, grapefruit, Tangerine) — grafting
Date — sucker removal
Fig — stem cuttings
Grapes — stem cuttings, grafting
Hops — stem cuttings
Manioc (cassava) — stem cuttings
Maple — stem cuttings, grafting
Nut crops (walnut, pecan) — grafting
Pineapple — stem cuttings
Pear — grafting
Plum — stem cuttings
Poplar — stem cuttings
Potato — stem (tuber) cuttings Vegetative Reproduction
Garden strawberry — runners (stolons)
Sugar cane — stem cuttings
Tea — stem cuttings
Vanilla — stem cuttings
Verbena — stem cuttings
Willow — stem cuttings
sporogenesis

Drawn by self for Biological life cycle * Cut-&-merge

halves :Image:Zygotic_meiosis.png & :
Image:Gametic_meiosis.png. Based on Freeman &
Worth'sBiology of Plants (p. 171).
Uterine horn
Hormonal Control of Ovarian Function
Estrus
Cycle
1. Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
2. GnRH causes the pituitary gland to produce FSH. FSH reaches the ovaries via the
blood stream. FSH causes the follicles to mature. Follicles are little balloon like sacs
filled with cells and fluid and hold an egg. Each follicle contains one single egg.
3. Maturing follicles produce estrogen. Estrogen signals the brain, which slows down
the FSH production and starts LH production in pituitary glands.
4. Estrogen also prepares the uterus for ovulation by thickening the blood vessels
lining the uterus.
5. Estrogen production boosts LH.
6. LH surges and causes ovulation. The egg escapes, travels via the fallopian tube and
goes to the Uterus.
7. The empty follicle from which the egg was released is called as Corpus Luteum or
yellow body. The Corpus Luteum produces Progesterone. Progesterone signals the
brain to stop producing LH.
8. Progesterone also prepares the uterus by thickening the uterus lining and also
producing mucus to ease the passage of the sperm. The egg sits and waits for 24-48
hrs.
9. If you get pregnant, the hCG hormone is produced by the developing embryo. This
hormone signals the Corpus Luteum to keep making Progesterone and Estrogen. If
you don’t get pregnant, the corpus luteum disintegrates (called as Corpus Albican)
and stops producing Progesterone and Estrogen. The low levels of Progesterone and
Estrogen causes menstruation to occur.
10. The cycle starts all over again.
Testicular
Function
 Interfering with the hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis is a
promising method to achieve reversible reduction of sperm output. Male
reproductive success depends on a complex interplay of the
hypothalamus, the pituitary, highly specialized testicular cells and a set of
hormonal events (Fig. 4) [5]. Spermatogenesis is controlled by the
pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the
hypothalamus. GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
FSH directly triggers spermatogenesis in the Sertoli cells of the
testes. Upon stimulation by LH, the Leydig cells convert cholesterol to
testosterone, which accumulates in the interstitium and the seminiferous
tubules. Testosterone targets the Sertoli cells thereby promoting the
development of mature sperm. Testosterone also induces secondary
effects, such as growth of external genitalia, accessory glands, bones,
larynx and muscles and erythropoesis. Negative feedback control on the
hypothalamus and pituitary exhibited by testosterone has a down-
regulating effect on LH and FSH release. Many details about the exact role
of gonadotropins in spermatogenesis remain not fully elucidated and
continue to be further investigated [6].
Digestive system
ruminant digestion system versus
single stomach animals
Comparison of stomach glandular regions from several mammalian species.
Yellow: esophagus; green: aglandular epithelium; purple: cardiac glands;
red: gastric glands; blue: pyloric glands; dark blue: duodenum. Frequency of
glands may vary more smoothly between regions than is diagrammed here.
Asterisk (ruminant) represents the omasum, which is absent
in Tylopoda (Tylopoda also has some cardiac glands opening onto
ventral reticulum and rumen). Many other variations exist among the mammals.
Nervous System