LAWS OF MOTION

• ARISTOTLE’S FALLACY (Mistake)

Aristotelian law of motion

An external force is required to keep a body in motion

Fallacy of Aristotelian law of motion

According to Aristotelian law, a force is required to keep a body in uniform motion.
But actually, no force is required to move a body in uniform motion.

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 THE LAW OF INERTIA
• Galileo studied motion of objects on
a) Inclined plane
b) Double inclined plane

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Experiment on inclined plane

 He observed that bodies moving down an inclined Plane have an acceleration.

(Which is caused by a force of gravity)

 Bodies moving up an inclined plane suffer retardation…

 Bodies moving on a horizontal plane should be of constant velocity

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• Experiment on double inclined plane
 A ball released from rest on one of the plane rolls down and climb up the other. The final height
of the ball is nearly equal to the initial height (if the planes are smooth)

 If the slope of the second plane is decreased and the experiment repeated, the ball will reach the
same height. But travel a longer distance…

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 If the slope of the second plane is zero, the ball travels an infinite distance

Conclusion of experiment
1. The state of rest and the state of uniform linear motion are equivalent.(ie; there
is no net force acting on the body)
2. If the net external force is zero, a body at rest continues to remain at rest and a
body in motion continues to move with uniform velocity.(This property of the
body is called inertia).

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 INERTIA
The inability of a body to change by itself it’s state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line is called
inertia

Examples of inertia
1. When a fast moving bus is suddenly stopped, a standing passenger tends to fall in the forward
direction

2. When a bus suddenly takes off, a standing passenger tends to fall in the backward direction. This is
because the lower part of the body gets a speed when the bus picks up speed and upper part
continues to be at rest because of its inertia.

3. Consider a person sitting inside a stationary train and tossing a coin, the coin falls into his own hand.
If he repeats the experiment when the train is moving with uniform speed, then also the coin falls
into his own hand..

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• Cleaning a carpet by beating is in accordance with law of inertia

• Rabbit chased by a dog runs in zigzag manner. This is to take advantage of the
large inertia of massive dog

• A person chased by an elephant runs in zigzag manner or in a circle. This is to take

the advantage of the large inertia of the massive elephant

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 NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION

 Everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line
unless it is compelled by an external unbalanced force to change that state….

 It brings the idea of inertia. Inertia of a body is measured by the mass of the
body. Heavier the body, greater is the force required to change its state and
hence greater is its inertia…

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 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
• Linear Momentum

Momentum of a body is defined as the product of its mass (m) and velocity (v)

⃗
𝒑 =𝒎 ⃗
𝒗
Momentum of a body can be produced or destroyed by the application of force on it. Therefore, momentum of
a body is measured by the force required to stop the body in unit time

It depends upon

1. Mass of the body

2. Velocity of the body

Momentum is a vector quantity and the unit is kgm/s

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Second law of motion
The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to
the applied force and takes place in the direction in which the force
acts.

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• Derive F=ma from Newton’s Second law of motion

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IMPULSE
There are some situations where a large force acts for a very short duration producing a finite change in
momentum of the body. For example, when a ball hits a wall and bounces back, the force on the ball by
the wall acts for a very short time when the two are in contact, yet the force is large enough to reverse
the momentum of the ball

Impulse is the product of force and time duration, which is the change in momentum of the body.

Impulse = Force × time duration

I=Fxt

Unit = kgm𝑠−1

[I] =MLT−1

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Impulsive force.
A large force acting for a short time to produce a finite change in momentum is called an impulsive
force.

Impulse momentum Principle

Impulse is equal to the change in momentum of the body.

By Newton's second law of motion,

F=𝑑𝑝/𝑑𝑡

F x dt =dp
I =dp
Impulse = change in momentum

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• A cricketer draws his hand while catching a cricket ball. Why ?

When cricketer drawn his hand, the ∆t will increase. Hence F acting pn the hand
will decrease..

 A batsman hits back a ball straight in the direction of the bowler without
changing its initial speed of 12 m 𝑠−1. If the mass of the ball is 0.15 kg, determine
the impulse imparted to the ball…

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NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION
• To every action, there is always an equal and opposition reaction..

A B
Force on A by B = - (force on B by A)

FAB=-FBA

If the action and reaction are equal and opposite, why they do not cancel??

Though action and reaction are equal and opposite, they do not cancel each other
because action is on one body and reaction is on another body..

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Law of Conservation of Momentum
The total momentum of an isolated system of interacting particles is conserved. Or When there is no external
force acting on a system of particles ,their total momentum remains constant.

Proof of law of conservation of momentum

By Newton's second law of motion , F=𝑑𝑝/𝑑𝑡

When F = 0

𝑑𝑝/𝑑𝑡=0

dp = 0 ,

p=constant

Thus when there is no external force acting on a system of particles, their total momentum remains constant.

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Applications of law of conservation of linear momentum
1.Recoil of gun
When a bullet is fired from a gun , the backward movement of gun is called recoil of the gun

If 𝐩𝐛 and 𝐩𝒈 are the momenta of the bullet and gun after firing
𝐩𝐛 + 𝐩𝐠= 0
𝐩𝐛 = - 𝐩𝐠
The negative sign shows that gun recoils to conserve momentum

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 • Expression For Recoil Velocity And Muzzle Velocity
Momentum of bullet after firing , 𝐩𝐛=𝐦𝐯

Recoil momentum of the gun after firing , 𝐩𝐠=𝐌𝐕

𝐩𝐛 = - 𝐩𝐠

𝐦𝐯=−𝐌𝐕

Recoil velocity of gun , V= −𝐦𝐯/𝐌

Muzzle velocity of bullet , v= −𝐌𝐕/𝐦

M= mass of gun, V= recoil velocity of bullet

m= mass of bullet, v=muzzle velocity of bullet

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 Conservation Of Momentum In The Case Of Two
Colliding Bodies

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Common Forces in Mechanics
There are two types of forces commonly used in mechanics…

 Contact Forces

Contact force on an object arises due to contact with some other object…

Example : Friction, Viscosity, air resistance

 Non Contact Forces

non contact force on an object arises due to non contact with some other object

Example : Gravitational Force, Electro magnetic force

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 FRICTION
Friction is the force that develops at the surfaces of contact of two bodies and impedes(opposes)
their relative motion..

Sliding
Kinetic Friction
Friction Rolling
FRICTION Friction
Static Limiting
Friction Friction

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• Static Friction: The opposing force that comes into play when one body tends to move over
the surface of another(but the actual motion has yet not started)

• Limiting Friction (fs) : The maximum value of static friction is called limiting friction.

• Kinetic Friction (fk) or dynamic friction : The opposing force that comes into play when
one body is actually moving over the surface of another body..

• Sliding Friction: The opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually sliding
over the surface of another body..

• Rolling Friction : The opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually rolling
over the surface of another body..

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Static friction is the frictional force that acts between two surfaces in contact before the actual relative
motion starts. Or Static friction fs opposes impending relative motion. The maximum value of static
friction is ( fs)max

The limiting value of static friction ( fs)max, is independent of the area of contact.

The limiting value of static friction ( fs)max, varies with the normal force(N)

( fs)max α N

( 𝐟𝐬)𝐦𝐚𝐱=𝛍𝐬𝐍

Where the constant 𝛍𝐬 is called the coefficient of static friction and depends only on the nature of the
surfaces in contact.
The Law of Static Friction
The law of static friction may thus be written as , fs ≤ 𝛍𝐬𝐍 0r ( 𝐟𝐬)𝐦𝐚𝐱=𝛍𝐬𝐍
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 Kinetic friction 𝐟𝐤
Frictional force that opposes relative motion between surfaces in contact is called
kinetic or sliding friction and is denoted by fk. .
• Kinetic friction is independent of the area of contact.
• Kinetic friction is nearly independent of the velocity.
• Kinetic friction , fk varies with the normal force(N)
fk α N 𝐟𝐤=𝛍𝐤𝐍
where μk the coefficient of kinetic friction, depends only on the surfaces in contact.
μk is less than μs
The Law of Kinetic Friction 𝐟𝐤=𝛍𝐤𝐍
where μk the coefficient of kinetic friction

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• Disadvantages Of Friction
• friction is undesirable in many situations, like in a machine with different moving parts, friction
opposes relative motion and thereby dissipates power in the form of heat, etc.

• Advantages Of Friction
• In many practical situations friction is critically needed. Kinetic friction is made use of by brakes in
machines and automobiles. We are able to walk because of static friction. It is impossible for a car
to move on a very slippery road. On an ordinary road, the friction between the tyres and the road
provides the necessary external force to accelerate the car.

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Methods To Reduce Friction
(1)Lubricants are a way of reducing kinetic friction in a machine.

(2)Another way is to use ball bearings between two moving parts of a machine.

(3) A thin cushion of air maintained between solid surfaces in relative motion
is another effective way of reducing friction

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 Circular Motion
The acceleration of a body moving in a circular path is directed towards the center and is called centripetal
acceleration.

a=𝐯𝟐/𝐑

The force f providing centripetal acceleration is called the centripetal force and is directed towards the
centre of the circle.

𝐟𝐬 = 𝐦𝐯𝟐/𝐑

where m is the mass of the body, R is the radius of circle.

For a stone rotated in a circle by a string, the centripetal force is provided by the tension in the string.

The centripetal force for motion of a planet around the sun is the gravitational force on the planet due to
the sun

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 Question 1

Two masses are in the ratio 1:5

a) What is inertia?

b) What is the ration of inertia of above case?

 Question 2

A man weighs 70 kg. He stands on a weighing scale in a lift which is moving.

a) Upward with a uniform speed of 10 m/s

b) Downward with an uniform acceleration of 5m/s2

c) Upward with an uniform acceleration of 5 m/s2

d) Suppose the lift is falling freely under the gravity. What is the weight of that person?

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 Question 3

A cricket player lowers his hands while catching a cricket ball to avoid injury.

a) What you mean by impulsive force?

b) Prove impulse-momentum theorem

 Question 4

The rate of change of linear momentum is directly proportional to the external force applied on
it, and takes place always in the direction of force applied.

a) Name this law.

b) Using this law obtain the expression for force.

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 Question 5

Recoil of gun is based on the principle of momentum.

a) State the principle of conservation of Momentum.

b) Explain the recoil velocity of gun.

c) A bullet of mass 100g is fired from a rife of mass 200kg with a speed of 50m/s. Calculate the recoil velocity
of the rife.

 Question 6

A drop of radius of 2mm falls from a height 1200m

a) What is speed of the rain drop when it hits on the ground? (g=9.8 m/s2)

b) In real experience rain drops does not achieve the speed as you obtain in question (a) Why ?

c) More force is required to push a body than pull to get same speed on a ground with same friction. Why?

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Question 7
A body of mass ‘m’ is placed on a rough inclined plane having coefficient of friction µs. The
inclination of plane is given as ‘ø’.
R

mg

a) Which component of weight brings the body towards the bottom along the plane.

b) Find how much force is required to pull the body along the plane.

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 Question 8

Four person sitting in the back seat of a car at rest, is pushing on the front seat.

a) Does the car move. Why?

b) State the law which help you to answer above question ?

c) Long Jumpers take long run before the jump. Why?

Question 9

A circular track of radius 300m is kept with outside of track raised to make 5 degree with the horizontal

a) Name the process in which outside of the road is raised little above the inner?

b) Obtain an expression for the optimum speed to avoid skidding( considering the friction)

c) Calculate the maximum permissible speed to avoid skidding if the coefficient of friction is 0.2.

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Question 10

A standing passenger falls backwards when the bus starts suddenly.

a) Explains why this happens?

b) Which Newtons law gives the above concept. State the law.

c) Obtain an expression for force using Newton’s law.

Question 11

Name the factor on which inertia depends.

Question 12

Why does a swimmer push the water backward ?

Question 13

Rocket works on the principle of conservation of……………………

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Question 14

a) A man experience a backward jerk , while firing bullet from a gun. Which law is applicable here?

b) If you jerk a piece of paper under a book quick enough, the book will not move. Why?

c) When you thrown a stone on a glass window, it will smash in to pieces. But a bullet fired from the gun
passes through it making a hole. Why?

Question 15

Why it is difficult to walk on a slipper road?

Question 16

Why parachute descends slowly?

Question 17

Sand is thrown on tracks with snow? Why?

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