GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

STEM Specialized Subject

Class No.: _____ Date: ___________________________

Name: Bergante, Princess Venita Module 1 – 3rd Quarter – SY20212022
Grade and Section: 11 – St. Hubert Teacher: Mrs. Pam

I. Title: Attractive Forces

II. Objectives:

After accomplishing this module, you must be able to:

1. use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of matter.
2. differentiate the types of intermolecular forces.
3. predict the intermolecular forces possible for a molecule.
4. interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide
5. recognize the importance of the attractive forces in dealing with the properties of
matter that could potentially affect real-life situations.

III. Material/s:

1. Reference book/Modules
2. Media player/Computer/internet 3. References:
- Bayquen, Aristea V., Pena, Gardee T. Exploring Life Through Science Series:
General Chemistry I, Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 2016
- Bayquen, Aristea V., Pena, Gardee T. Exploring Life Through Science Series:
General Chemistry II, Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 2016
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map
%3A_Chemistry__The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/
11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/1
1.S%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces_(Summary)
- http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/phaseeqia/phasediags.html

IV. Time Frame: Week 1

V. Concept:

Word Search

Below is a word search puzzle that contains fourteen, 14, words that have something
to do with the topics you encountered in general chemistry 1. Try to search for these
words and encircle or highlight them. The words maybe found arranged from left to right,
top to bottom or diagonally.

General Chemistry 2 - Module 1 Page 1 of 9

 B A I T O W I L L K I N S A Organic Ionic
A S N A I L E L E C T R O N Structure Alcohol
M A T T E R L I H A C E L A Weight Bonding
Reaction Electron
O L A R U M B R G C H A I Y Carbon Volume
L V O L U M E O A H Y C D O Solid Mole
E L E M O C H I N A T T O N Matter Atom
. A E R O C A T O M D F I Y A Answers:
D W E I T R P U N R I O N I
D O N T A B O O R G A N I C
T O R N Y O L E P E T O G A
I L M E A N E S O N A R O I
P R I T A L C O H O L E A N

In
general chemistry 1, we have introduced that matter can be differentiated into several
states namely solid, liquid, gas and if we are to include plasma then that will bring it to
four. They differ chiefly in the behavior of their particles which greatly influences their
properties. The particles are constantly in motion regardless of the states however solids
are greatly restricted followed by the liquids which causes them exhibit greater attractive
forces between the particles. Gas particles are generally free to move conserving their
kinetic energy and is therefore said to be elastic and in constant random motion. Because
of this the attractive forces are generally negligible be it between its particles or the
container that holds them. This concept is known as the Kinetic Molecular Theory.

The attractive forces in matter can be classified into two big groups namely intermolecular
forces and intramolecular forces. Intramolecular forces of attractions involves the
attractive forces that exists within a molecule. These are the bonds that we have alrteady
studied in general chemistry 1 which includes your ionic and covalent bonds. We will no
longer focus on this type of forces since we have already presented them in much detail
before rather we will be considering the intermolecular forces of attraction or more
commonly known as IMFA.

IMFA exists between the molecules of matter and therfor not really involved in bond
formation or formation of new compounds and therfor generally weaker than
intramolecular forces. However this type of attractive force is still sufficient to influebce the
properties of the different types of matter. There are generally four types of intermolecular
forces that exists between molecules;

1. Ion-dipole
- these are attractiones between charged particles and therefor the prerequisites
for this is that your samples must have an ionic substance that are mixed with a
covalent polar substance.
Example:
Na-Cl dissolved in Water, H2O

Na+ Cl -
O σ-
σ+ Hσ+

Ion-dipole force
H

- it is not really a bond but just an attraction between the charged particles. - it
increases the forces of attraction in a sample causing its physical properties like
boiling point, vapor pressure and freezing point to increase in general.

2. Dipole-dipole

General Chemistry 2 - Module 1 Page 2 of 9

 - this exists between polar covalent molecules where the positive pole of one
molecule gets attracted to the negative pole of another molecule. Example:
A glass of Water, H2O
Oσ-
H σ+ Hσ+ Oσ- Dipole-dipole
H σ+ Hσ+
Oσ- H σ+ Hσ+
- it is not really a bond but just an attraction between the charged particles. - it
increases the forces of attraction in a sample causing its physical properties like
boiling point, vapor pressure and freezing point to increase in general. - the
effect is similar to ion-dipole but it is weaker.

3. Hydrogen bonding
- this exists between polar covalent molecules just like dipole-dipole however the
prescence of hydrogen is required which will form an attraction with Nitrogen,
Oxygen or Fluorine in another molecule. If the sample does not meet the
requirements then H bonding is not present.
- several samples that exhibits H bonding also exhibits dipole-dipole however the
effect of H bonding is stronger.

Example:
A glass of Water, H2O

Oσ-
H σ+ Hσ+ Oσ- H bonding
H σ+ Hσ+
Oσ-
H σ+ Hσ+
- it increases the forces of attraction in a sample causing its physical properties
like boiling point, vapor pressure and freezing point to increase in general.

4. Dispersion forces (London forces)

- this exists in all molecules and atoms however it is very weak.
- normally is the only attractive force exhibited by gases whiceh causes the
movement of gaseous molecules to be unrestricted.
- this type of force is very week but with increasing molecular weight this type of
force can become very strong and makes materials assume the solid state even
at higher temperatures..
Example:
Methane ---- CH4 ----- gas
Octane ---- CH3(CH2)6CH3 ----- liquid
Nonadecane ---- CH3(CH2)17CH3 ----- solid
- it increases the forces of attraction in a sample causing its physical properties
like boiling point, vapor pressure and freezing point to increase in general.

We can summarize the intermolecular forces with the concept map below. This will also
be useful in determining the type of IMFA present in a sample however please take note
that ionic bonding is actually an intramolecular force of attraction.

General Chemistry 2 - Module 1 Page 3 of 9

 Lifted from: https://eshsscience.weebly.com/unit-6-chemical-structure.html

Properties of liquids and IMFA

Always be reminded that IMFA exists between the molecules of matter and is very
much affected by the behaviour of these particles as described by the kinetic molecular
theory. As you go from solid to liquids and eventually to gases the amount of
intermolecular forces exhibited by matter generally decreases. These tendencies affects
some of the most common properties of liquids such as vapor pressure, boiling point,
surface tension and viscosity.
• Vapor pressure – this is a quantity(pressure) where the pressure of a
vapor is in equilibrium with the pressure of its liquid. Take note that when
a liquid is heated the liquid particles will eventually escape to the gaseous
state and it builds up its vapor pressure. If the IMFA is strong then the
particles will find it hard to escape to the gaseous state and hence the
vapor pressure will be low.

• Boiling point – is the temperature where the vapor pressure of the liquid
becomes equal to that of the atmosphere. Therefor you need to increase
the vapor pressure of the liquid in order for it to boil and if the IMFA is
strong the boiling point will be high since since you will find it hard to
convert the liquid particles to the gaseous state because of the high
attractive force.

• Surface tension – could be defined as the resistance of liquid molecules

from breaking apart or separating when an external force is applied on it.
This is primarily due to the cohesive forces that exists between the
particles. The cohesive forces is dependent on the strength of the IMFA
present between the molecules. o cohesion - forces between similar
molecules or particles o adhesion - forces between different molecules or
particles o capillary action – it is the rise of liquids up a narrow tube and
it can go against the direction of gravity. This is greatly influence by
cohesion, adhesion and surface tension.

• Viscosity – it is the resistance of a liquid to flow. In general the stronger

or higher the IMFA exhibited by the liquid the higher the viscosity will be.

Phase Diagram
In general, any type of matter can be converted from one form to another be it solid,
liquid or gas. It can be made possible by altering the pressure and temperature of the

General Chemistry 2 - Module 1 Page 4 of 9

 substance. However this will only involve phase or physical changes and these
condition are plotted using a phase diagram.
• Phase diagram – is a graphical way of presenting the conditions of a
material at different pressures and temperature. It also presents the
equilibria that exists between the different states of the substance.

Melting and freezing curve – equilibrium

curve where solid and liquid are found at
the same time

Critical point - the end point of an

Melting equilibrium curve where distinct phases can
no longer be found, defines the critical
Freezing temperature and critical pressure
Vaporization

Condensation Evaporation and condensation curve

– equilibrium curve where gas and liquid
are found at the same time

Triple point – condition

where all three states of
Sublimation matter exist at the same time
Deposition
Sublimation and deposition curve
– equilibrium curve where solid and
gas are found at the same time

Different substances will have their own phase diagram that differs not only in appearance
but also in complexity. Some will even indicate an area designated as supercritical fluid.
This is an area beyond the critical temperature where the substance no longer exhibits a
definite state. Different parts of the diagram shows the condition of the substance at
different temperature and pressure.

Self-check
Try to answer the following.

I. Intermolecular forces of attraction:

1) Which of the following best describes all the intermolecular forces exhibited
by a pure sample of WATER?
A. dispersion only C. dispersion and hydrogen bonding
B. dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding D. dispersion and dipole-dipole
2) Which of the following best describes all the IMFA exhibited by a sample of
CH3Cl ?
A. dispersion only C. dispersion and hydrogen bonding
B.dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding D. dispersion and dipole-dipole
3) Which of the following is expected to have the highest normal boiling point?
A. C2H6 B. C3H8 C. C5H12 D. C4H10
4) What type of IMF is present in all substances, regardless of polarity?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Ion-dipole C. H-bonding D. London forces
5) What is the strongest IMFA exhibited by a pure sample of benzene?
A. London forces B. Dipole-dipole C. H-bond D. Ion-dipole

II. Phase diagram: Consider the phase diagram for water, H2O.

General Chemistry 2 - Module 1 Page 5 of 9

 F
H

1) At what pressure will you find water to exist in all three states?
2) What is the critical temperature of water?
3) Water will exist in the _______ state at point F.
4) What process will water undergo as the pressure moves from point F to G? 5) At what
state will water exist at any pressure from point B to D?

Answers:
I. Intermolecular forces of attraction:
1) B 2) D 3) C 4)D 5) A II. Phase
diagram:
1) 0.0060 atm, locate the triple point and trace the pressure from that location.
2) 373.99 oC, locate where the critical point then trace the temperature there.
3) liquid, locate where point F is found and determine what state exist in that area.
4) Water is converted from liquid to the gaseous state, it will undergo evaporation. 5)
Water will exist as solid and liquid at the same time since it is found along the
equilibrium curve between solid and liquid.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
STEM Specialized Subject

Class No.: _____ Date: ___________________________

Name: ____________________________________ Module 1 – 3rd Quarter – SY20212022
Grade and Section: __________________________ Teacher: ________________________

VI. Activity:
1. Perform the procedures at home, making use of the materials available to you.

General Chemistry 2 - Module 1 Page 6 of 9

 2. Prepare a video documentation while you are performing the task and be sure that you are seen
on the video and not only your hands. Please observe a maximum of 5 minutes for the video.
3. Submit your output as directed by your subject teacher.

Rubric: Module 1 – Mini Task 1: Attractive forces

Category 100% Exceeds expectations 80% Meets expectations 60% Partially meets expectations Rating
Content Correct observation and Errors in observation and Errors in observation and or
10 answers relating the or answers still relating the answers, concepts not used
concepts concepts properly
Organization Neatly written, easy to Not neat but easy to With a lot of errors making it
and understand with video understand with video and hard to understand and or no
appearance10
and reflection reflection video or reflection
Timeliness 5 Submitted on time Submitted 1 day late Submitted 2 or more days late
Total rating

Procedure:
1. Did the clip sink or did it continue to float? ______
Get a
basin 2. Explain your answer using the concept of IMFA
of
water

Repeat the procedure

1. Did the clip sink or did it continue to float? ______

2. Explain your answer using the concept of IMFA

Allow a paper clip to float on the water

Add 3-5 drops of alcohol at the side of the paper clip

Observe

Get a basin of water

Allow a paper clip to float on the water

Add 3-5 drops of soap solution (joy) at the side of the paper clip

Observe

Reflection: My One-minute Paper:

You are to write about your insights about the concept on this module including the activity. You may also write
about the things that are not yet clear to you, your questions that is.

General Chemistry 2 - Module 1 Page 7 of 9

As I progressed through this module, I realized that I had gained a lot of knowledge and
learned a lot about matter. I discovered that liquids have a variety of properties. This module
also tests my knowledge by assigning exercises relevant to the topic; although I may not
comprehend some of the concepts offered by this module, I am eager to study and understand
it better.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
STEM Specialized Subject
Module 1 - Written Work 1

Class No.: _____ Date: ___________________________

Name: __________________________________ Module 1 – 1st Quarter – SY20212022
Grade and Section: _______________________ Teacher: ________________________

VII. Evaluation: Choose the best answer and write the letter on the blanks.
(Submit your output as directed by your subject teacher)

_D__1. Which molecule would have the strongest tendency to form hydrogen bonds?
A. H2 B. CH4 C. C2H6 D. HF
_C__2. What is the strongest intermolecular force between CO2 (g) and O2 (g)?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Ion-dipole C. H-bonding D. London forces
__A_3. Which of the following refers to an attractive force that exists between polar molecules?
A. Dipole-dipole B. H-bonding C. Ion-dipole D. London forces
__A_4. In aqueous solution, a chloride ion is attracted to which end of the water molecule?
A. hydrogen end, which is the positive pole C. oxygen end, which is the negative pole B.
hydrogen end, which is the negative pole D. oxygen end, which is the positive pole
__A_5. London forces between molecules will always become stronger as molecular
size_____?
A. increase B. decrease C. remain the same D. none of the above
__C_6. What is the strongest intermolecular force in NH4OH?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Ion-dipole C. H-bonding D. London forces
__B_7. What is the strongest IMFA present in a glass of hydroiodic acid, HI.
A. Dipole-dipole B. Ion-dipole C. H-bonding D. London forces
__C_8. What is the strongest intermolecular force between KI and water?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Ion-dipole C. H-bonding D. London forces
_A__9. What is the strongest IMFA present in the smoke emitted by your car while driving?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Ion-dipole C. H-bonding D. London forces
__B_10. The boiling point of CH4 is much lower than that of muriatic acid, HCl. This is because:
A. CH4 is organic. C. of hydrogen bonding in HCl.
B. HCl is inorganic. D. of ion-dipole interactionDs in CH4.
__C_11. At 40 oC methane is a gas while pentane is a liquid. What could have caused this?
A. ion-dipole increase with molecular size C. H bonding increase with molecular size
B. dipole-dipole increase with molecular size D. London force increase w/ molecular size
__C_12. Which one of the following elements is MOST likely to participate in a hydrogen
bond?
A. C B. F C. K D. Cl
__A_13. Which one of the following will have the weakest interaction between two species?
A. ion-dipole B. dipole-dipole C. H bonding D. London forces
__C_14. Which of the following compounds has the highest boiling point?
A. Methane, CH4 B. Ethane, CH3CH3 C. Methanol, CH3OH D. , CH3CH2OH
_B__15. Which of the following compounds is most probably a gas?

General Chemistry 2 - Module 1 Page 8 of 9

 A. B. C. D.
_B__16. The change in state that results when solids are converted directly to gas is _______.
A. Evaporation B. Sublimation C. Deposition D. none
__B_17. Water will exist as a____at 10 atm and 100oC. Refer to the phase diagram of water.
A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. Supercritical fluid
A___18. The process water undergoes as temperature increases from 10 oC to 101 oC at 5 atm.
A. Evaporation B. Sublimation C. Deposition D. none
__C_19. Water will exist as a____at 100 atm and 50 oC. Refer to the phase diagram of water.
A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. Supercritical fluid
o
_B__20. Water will exist as a____at 0.0060 atm and 100 C. Refer to the phase diagram of
water.
A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. Supercritical fluid

General Chemistry 2 - Module 1 Page 9 of 9