Achieve Great Things, Initiate Changes, Transform from Better to best, Excel and Remain

Humble
Olinsterg Bldg., Maharlika Highway, Poblacion III, Tiaong, Quezon, Philippines
Telefax Number: (042)-545-6547 / Cell No. 0922-8934738
PHYSICAL SCIENCE

I. UNIT NO. & TITLE: Unit 1: Connecting Chemistry to Life

II. LESSON NO. & TITLE: Lesson 5: Intermolecular Forces
III. WEEK NUMBER: Week 5
IV. MODULE NUMBER: Module 5
V. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students must be able to:
 Describe the general types of intermolecular forces
 Give the type of intermolecular forces in the properties of substances
 Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances

VI. ACTIVITY: Experiment/ Demonstration

Floating paper clip

Carefully suspend a paper clip on water. This demonstration requires practice.

Predict what will happen when the paper clip is carefully placed on the surface of the water. Observe closely where
the clip and the water will meet. Write your observations below:

the in

NOTE: If the materials above are not available, you can watch how the experiment was conducted from the video
provided.

VII. DISCUSSION:
Based on the previous activity, have you observed the interaction between the water and the paper clip which allows it
to float? This interaction is called intermolecular forces.

Types of Intermolecular Forces

Let us establish distinction between intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces of attraction. Derive the

meaning of the words focusing on the prefix intra and inter.

The comparison above shows the relative strengths of intermolecular forces and intramolecular forces in terms of energy
involved. Intermolecular forces are responsible for the condensed phases of substances (liquid and solid form). Solids and
liquids will not exist without them.

Intermolecular forces called Van der Waals forces was named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals who first proposed
these forces.
The four main types of intermolecular forces are:
1. Ion-ion interaction
2. Dipole-dipole interaction
3. Hydrogen bonding
4. Dispersion forces also known as London forces in honor of Fritz London.

Ion-ion interaction
Ion-ion interaction exists between oppositely charged ions. It occurs between ionic
compounds. Most ion-ion interaction is strong and compounds which have them have
high melting and boiling points. Ions of like charges repel while opposite charges
attract. The compound orients itself in such a way as to minimize repulsion. The
strength of ion-ion interaction is inversely proportional to the square of distance
between the ions. This is the strongest intermolecular force.
The table shows that the smaller ions have stronger ion-ion
interaction compared to larger ions.

Dipole-dipole interaction Occurs between polar molecules. This

is due to the partial positive pole and the partial negative pole of
the molecule. Average dipole-dipole interaction is relatively
weak, around 4kJ/ mol. This interaction is effective over a very
short range. The strength of dipole-dipole interaction is inversely
proportional to distance raised to the fourth power (d4).

Dipole-dipole interaction

The figure above shows the partially charged poles of the molecules, and the attraction and repulsion between them. Both attraction
and repulsion occur simultaneously.

Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen bond is a very strong dipole-dipole interaction. Hydrogen bond occurs in polar molecules containing H and any one of the
highly electronegative elements, in particular F, O, N. Hydrogen tends to be strongly positive due to the strong tendencies of F, O, or N
to attract the electron towards it. The highly electronegative elements make hydrogen strongly positive. Hydrogen bonding is
responsible for the unusually high boiling point and melting point of water as compared to compounds of similar molecular weight and
geometry. Typically, H-bond is in the range of 15-20 kJ/mol.
Notice that the trend from row 3 to 5 is increasing but there is an unusually high value for elements in row 2 containing F, O, and N. If
the trend were uniform throughout, the values for row 2
would be lower than the values in row 3 (as is evident in
CH4). Instead, there is a deviation due to H-bonding.

The ability of water to form hydrogen bonds relates to its

ability to be a universal solvent. Due to its polarity, it is
able to dissolve (or interact) with ionic compounds and
polar molecules. Hydrogen bonding is also very important
to life in general as the H-bond prevents water from
quickly evaporating into the atmosphere. In freezing
temperature, the H-bond causes the water molecules to
form a crystal lattice thereby increasing its volume. This
is why ice floats on water. This prevents the water
beneath from cooling down further as the ice sheet acts a
protective layer. This allows marine creatures to survive in cold weather. H-bonding in water is also important in the hydration of
organic molecules and in the formation of peptide bonds within proteins.

In the experiment where methanol (CH3OH) is mixed with water, H-bonding is responsible for the decrease in volume of the solution
and the production of heat.

Dispersion Forces or London Forces.

Dispersion force is present in all molecules. It is the only force present in nonpolar molecules. It is very weak and acts in very small
distances. It is formed due to the attraction between the positively charged nucleus of an atom with the negatively charged electron
cloud of a nearby atom. This interaction creates an induced dipole. The strength of dispersion forces is inversely proportional to
distance raised to the 7th power (d7). Without dispersion forces substances would not be able to condense to liquid and solid phase.

Properties of Substances in Relation to Intermolecular Forces

VIII. PRACTICE/APPLICATION/SYNTHESIS: (See worksheet #5)
IX. ASSESSMENT: (See worksheet #5)
X. REFLECTION: (See worksheet #5)
 Achieve Great Things, Initiate Changes, Transform from Better to best, Excel and Remain
Humble
Olinsterg Bldg., Maharlika Highway, Poblacion III, Tiaong, Quezon, Philippines
Telefax Number: (042)-545-6547 / Cell No. 0922-8934738

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
WORK SHEET NO. 5
Name: ______________________________ Grade & Section:___________________
I. PRACTICE/APPLICATION/SYNTHESIS:

Identify the most probable intermolecular force of attraction in the following:

1. KCl ----KCl
2. NH3——NH3
3. Na2S——Na2S
4. HF——HF
5. MgS——MgS
6. CH3OH——CH3OH
7. H2——H2
8. CuO——CuO
9. SbH3——SbH3
10. CO2——CO2

II. ASSESSMENT:

Describe the relationship of the following properties with intermolecular forces of attraction. Choose only two properties.

a. Boiling point / evaporation

b. Surface tension

c. Viscosity

III. REFLECTION:

List down the activities that you did this week and identify among those activities where you can apply the
lesson/s that you have learned from this module. Write your answer below with minimum of at least five
sentences.
IV. FEEDBACK: (Teacher’s comments or reactions after submission and checking.)

Prepared by: Checked By:

VI-JAY D. SALCEDO,LPT JOAN B. DIMACULANGAN,LPT

Subject Teacher Academic Coordinator
Noted By:

LAARNI L. TOLENTINO,LPT
School Principal