Forces at work in a molecule

Molecules experience two types of forces:

intramolecular (or bonding) and
intermolecular (or nonbonding)
Intramolecular attraction

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-
 Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in
a single molecule

• strong force
• types
a. ionic bond
b. covalent bond
c. metallic bond
• responsible for the
chemical properties
of the substance
Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-
 Intermolecular forces exist between the molecules

• weak force
• influence the physical properties of the substance
* note: the molecules need not be identical
Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-
Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Intermolecular forces of attraction
(IMFA)
Opposites Attract
Opposites Attract
 Types of IMFA

• Ion-dipole force
• Dipole-dipole force
* London dispersion force (LDF)
• Hydrogen bonding

• permanent charge separation

* momentary charge separation
Ion-dipole force exists between an ion and the
partial charge on the end of a polar molecule

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
 Dipole-dipole force exists between polar
molecules

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
London dispersion force (LDF) exists between all
molecules, including nonpolar molecules

• electrons constantly move

• at a certain instance, more electrons can be
concentrated in one side of a molecule over
another
• this gives temporary polarity to the molecule
Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
 Types of IMFA

• Ion-dipole force
• Dipole-dipole force
* London dispersion force (LDF)
• Hydrogen bonding

• permanent charge separation

* momentary charge separation
Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole
interaction between hydrogen directly bonded to
F, O, or N and F, O, or N atom

– covalent bond
. . . hydrogen bond
Brown, , E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
 Hydrogen bonding is unusually strong
• F, O, and N are highly electronegative, thus
bond between hydrogen and F, O, or N is
highly polar

F—H O—H N—H

• hydrogen has no inner core electrons,
making it bare and relatively small
• being small, H can come close to F, O, or N,
resulting to a strong bond
Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
 borax

poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(vinyl alcohol)

Intermolecular Intramolecular
forces force

Increasing strength
Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
 Determine the IMFA/s present in the following

• Br2 • CH3OH
– LDF H
• KCl in H2O
H C O H
– LDF, ion-dipole,
hydrogen bonding
H

– LDF, hydrogen bonding

Determine the IMFA/s present in the following

• H2S
– LDF, dipole-dipole
• CH3OCH3
H H

H C O C H

H H
IMFA and the states of matter
Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
 Gas molecules have weak IMFAs

• interaction between the molecules is

minimal, and so gas molecules fill a
container
• distances between gas molecules
are so great, and so gases are
highly compressible and have low
densities

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

 Liquid molecules have stronger IMFAs

• molecules are held together by

one or more types of attractive
forces, and so liquid molecules
have definite volume but indefinite
shape
• distances between liquid
molecules are small, and so
liquids are slightly compressible
and have high densities

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

 Solid molecules have very strong IMFAs

• molecules are held rigidly in

position, and so solid molecules
have definite volume and definite
shape
• distances between solid molecules
are even smaller than in liquids,
and so solids are almost
incompressible and have high
densities

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
 If the molecules have enough energy, they can
overcome the IMFAs and change from one state
of matter to another

* Energy is the capacity to do work or to produce

change. It may take different forms, and heat is one of
them.

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

When a liquid boils, the weak IMFAs are overcome,
but the strong covalent bonds holding the atoms
together within each molecule remain unaffected

* The same is true when a solid turns into liquid or gas

Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Water
Each O atom of a water molecule is “bonded” to
four H atoms, two by covalent bonds and two by
hydrogen bonds. Consequently, water molecules
can form three-dimensional structures

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

 The highly ordered three-dimensional structure of ice
prevents the molecules from getting too close to one
another. Consequently, it has a lower density than
liquid water

Brown, , E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
The ice layer that forms on the surface (and not
at the bottom) of a lake insulates the water
beneath and maintains a high enough
temperature to sustain aquatic life

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

Soap
A soap molecule can clean because its two
ends are strikingly different

Ionic
Water-loving (aka hydrophilic)

Nonpolar
Water-hating (aka hydrophobic)
Oil-loving

McMurry, J. 2011. Organic Chemistry with Biological Applications. 2 nd ed. California: Brooks/Cole.
The hydrocarbon tails interact with the oil to
form hydrophobic balls, while the ionic
heads stick out and interact with water

micelle

McMurry, J. 2011. Organic Chemistry with Biological Applications. 2 nd ed. California: Brooks/Cole.
And others…
Compared to tissue, blotting paper is better
at removing oil from the face

http://badkittyexoticwear.com/shop/facecareoilblottingpaper-p-1617.html
http://pics.drugstore.com/prodimg/68807/300.jpg
cellulose, the molecule found in tissue
To cook bulalo, one needs to boil beef in water
with salt. During the process, the fat from the
meat is seen floating on top of the broth,
while the salt is not visible.

http://norecipes.com/blog/2009/06/11/bulalo-recipe/
 H O

H C O C R

H C O C R

H C O C R where R = C11 to C19

fat
 H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O

H C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O-

H O

H C O C R

H C O C R

H C O C R

H
where R = C11 to C19
 Liquid Properties
• There are a • Some of the
number of key general properties
liquid properties of liquids are:
that can be • 1. surface tension
understood based • 2. viscosity
• 3. vapor pressure
upon molecular
• 4. boiling point
structure (shape) • 5. heat of
and intermolecular vapoorization
forces.
 Surface Tension
• Surface tension is • Molecules that are at the
surface are "missing"
a property of neighbors with whom
liquids that arises they have attractive
due to the fact that interactions (IMFs).
the molecules at
• As a result, they have
the surface of a
a higher energy than
liquid have a
molecules in the bulk
different potential that are surrounded
energy than those by other molecules.
in the bulk.
• Liquids will • Thus liquid drops will
therefore minimize be spherical as a
their surface area spherical shape has
the minimum surface
in order to energy for a given
minimize the volume (note:
number of higher macroscopic drops
energy molecules are affected by gravity
at a surface. as well and thus have
a teardrop shape).
• The molecules at
the surface have
attractions for their
neighbors but they
don't have any
molecules "above"
them (these are
the ones that are
missing).
• the picture
demonstrates the
macroscopic
perspective of surface
tension with a paper
clip floating on water
(despite the fact that
metal in the paper clip
has a higher density
than water).
 Viscosity
• The other factors that
• Viscosity is affect viscosity are
resistance to flow. temperature and the
• For liquids, shape of the
molecule.
typically the larger • Higher temperatures will
the intermolecular correspond to higher average
kinetic energies and faster
forces (IMF) the moving molecules. This will
higher the lead to a lower viscosity. The
shape will also affect the
viscosity. viscosity, as molecules with
many branches or kinks will be
harder to "slide-by" one
another than small "round"
molecules.
 Vapor Pressure
• The vapor • This means that
pressure of the when a liquid or a
substance is the solid is made to
pressure exerted evaporate in a
by its vapor when closed container,
in equilibrium with the gas exerts a
its liquid or solid. pressure above the
liquid.
• VP and boiling • High IMF = difficult
point (BP) are also to "get into" the
related, as the gas phase. This
boiling point is the equates to low VP
temperature at (few molecules in
which the VP is the gas phase) and
equal to 1 atm. high boiling point
Thus, the trend in (high temperature
BP with IMF is to get the VP = 1
related to the trend atm).
of VP with IMF.
 Boiling Point
• Increasing the
• The boiling point of
temperature of a
a liquid is the
liquid raise the KE
temperature at
of its molecules
which its vapor
until such point
pressure is equal t
where the energy
the external or
of the particle
atmospheric
movement
pressure.
exceeds the IMF
that hold them
together.
 Heat of Vaporization
• Molar heat of
vaporization is the
amount of heat
required to
vaporize on mole
of a substance to
its boilng point
Types and Properties of Solids