Week 19-Substance-Related Disorders

Substance-Related Disorders
Copyright © Notice: The materials are copyrighted © and trademarked ™ as the property of The Curriculum Center for Family and Consumer Sciences, Texas Tech University.
What Is Addiction?
• Addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease
that causes compulsive drug seeking and use, despite
harmful consequences to the addicted individual and
to those around him or her. Although the initial
decision to take the addictive substance is voluntary
for most people, the brain changes that occur over
time challenge a person’s self control and ability to
resist intense impulses urging them to use the drug.
Source: NIDA <www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/understanding-drug-abuse-addiction>

Is Drug Addiction a Mental Disorder?
• Yes. Addiction changes the brain in fundamental
ways, disturbing a person’s normal hierarchy of
needs and desires and substituting new priorities
connected with procuring and using the drug. The
resulting compulsive behaviors that weaken the
ability to control impulses, despite the negative
consequences, are similar to hallmarks of other
mental illnesses.
Source: InfoFacts <www.drugabuse.gov>
Many Factors Involved in Addiction
• Drug addiction shares many
features with other chronic
illnesses, including
▫ a tendency to run in families
(heritability),
▫ an onset and course that is
influenced by environmental
conditions and behavior, and
▫ the ability to respond to
appropriate treatment, which
may include long-term lifestyle
modification.
Source: NIDA <drugabuse.gov>
Continuum of Use
Use Misuse Abuse Dependence
Addiction
Substance Abuse
The essential feature of abuse is a pattern of substance use that
causes someone to experience harmful consequences. Clinicians
diagnose substance abuse if, in a twelve-month period, a person
is in one or more of the following situations related to drug use.
• Failure to meet obligations, such as missing work or school.
• Engaging in reckless activities, such as driving while
intoxicated.
• Encountering legal troubles, such as getting arrested.
• Continuing to use despite personal problems, such as a
fight with a partner.
Source: HBO: Addiction <www.hbo.com/addiction/>

Substance Dependence
Dependence is more severe. Medical professionals will
look for three or more criteria from a set that includes
two physiological factors and five behavioral patterns,
again, over a twelve-month period. Tolerance and
withdrawal alone are not enough to indicate
dependence. And not all behavioral signs occur with
every substance.

The physiological factors include the following.
• Tolerance, in which a person needs more of a drug to
achieve intoxication.
• Withdrawal, in which they experience mental or
physical symptoms after stopping drug use.

The behavioral patterns include
• being unable to stop once using starts,
• exceeding self-imposed limits,
• curtailing time spent on other activities,
• spending excessive time using or getting drugs, and
• taking a drug despite deteriorating health.

Substance-related disorders
have an impact on the quality
of life for people worldwide.
2010 country-level
Disability Adjusted Life
Years (DALY) rates (age-
standardized, per
100,000) for drug
dependence as well as
the risks of drug use.
Countries with the
highest overall illicit
drug burden (greater
than 650 DALYs per
100,000) included,
among others, the
United States, England,
the Russian
Federation, and
Australia.
Source: Illicit Drug Dependence Across the Globe: Results From the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study
<http://www.choopersguide.com/article/illicit-drug-dependence-across-the-globe-results-from-the-global-burden-of-disease-2010-study.html>
Fast Facts
• Youth
▫ A child who reaches age 21 without smoking, abusing alcohol,
or using drugs is virtually certain never to do so.
▫ Teens who have seen their parent(s) drunk are more than
twice as likely to get drunk in a typical month, and three
times likelier to use marijuana and smoke cigarettes.
▫ If a teen is drinking, the odds are that teen is getting drunk –
and teens who get drunk are much likelier to try marijuana
and hang out with friends who are abusing prescription or
illegal drugs.
Source: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University <http://www.centeronaddiction.org>
Fast Facts
• Crime
▫ 1.5 million of the 2.3 million inmates in the U.S. meet the
DSM IV medical criteria for substance abuse or addiction.
▫ Eighty percent of the nation’s adult inmates and juvenile
arrestees either committed their offenses while high, stole to
buy drugs, violated alcohol or drug laws, had a history of
substance abuse/addiction, or shared some mix of these
characteristics.
Source: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University <http://www.centeronaddiction.org/addiction-research/reports/behind-
bars-ii-substance-abuse-and-america%E2%80%99s-prison-population>
Fast Facts
• Cost to Society
▫ For every $100 spent by state governments on
substance abuse and addiction, the average spent on
prevention, treatment and research was $2.38.
▫ Of every dollar government spends on substance abuse
and addiction, 96 cents goes to shovel up the wreckage
in crime, healthcare, and other social costs; only 2 cents
goes to prevention and treatment.
Source: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University <http://www.centeronaddiction.org/newsroom/press-releases/2009-
shoveling-up-2>
Fast Facts
• Women and Girls
▫ The report found that girls and young women use cigarettes, alcohol
and other drugs for different reasons than boys and that they are
more vulnerable than boys to substance abuse and addiction and its
consequences.
▫ Despite recent declines in youth substance use, 45% of high school
girls reported drinking alcohol, more than one-fourth reported both
current cigarette smoking and binge drinking, and 20% reported
using marijuana.
▫ Puberty was found to be a time of higher risk for girls than for boys,
and girls who experienced early puberty were at higher risk of using
substances sooner, more often and in greater quantities than their
Source: The later-maturing
National Center on Addiction andpeers.
Substance Abuse at Columbia University <http://www.centeronaddiction.org/addiction-research/reports/formative-
years-pathways-substance-abuse-among-girls-and-young-women-ages>
Fast Facts
• Women and Girls
▫ Girls were more likely than boys to report being depressed,
having eating disorders or being sexually or physically abused
—all of which increase the risk for substance abuse.
▫ The report found that substance use can turn into abuse and
addiction more quickly for girls and young women than for
boys and young men, even when they use the same amount
or less of a substance.
Source: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University <http://www.centeronaddiction.org/addiction-research/reports/formative-
years-pathways-substance-abuse-among-girls-and-young-women-ages>
Additional Information
Marijuana: Facts for Teens
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/marijuana-fac
ts-teens/want-to-know-more-some-faqs-about-marijuan
a
National Survey on American Attitudes on Substance
Abuse XVII: Teens
http://www.centeronaddiction.org/addiction-research/r
eports/national-survey-american-attitudes-substance-ab
use-teens-2012

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Substance-Related Disorders

Source: NIDA <www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/understanding-drug-abuse-addiction>

Use Misuse Abuse Dependence

Source: HBO: Addiction <www.hbo.com/addiction/>

Source: HBO: Addiction <www.hbo.com/addiction/>

Source: HBO: Addiction <www.hbo.com/addiction/>

Source: HBO: Addiction <www.hbo.com/addiction/>

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