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ORGANISATION OF PLANT TISSUES AND GROWTH

1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Learning Standard 1.2.1

 Pupils are able to identify the types and parts of tissue

involved in growth.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Meristematic tissues

Apical meristems Lateral meristems

Shoot apical
meristems

Cork cambium

Vascular cambium
Root apical
meristems
KSSM Biology Form 5
 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth
Apical meristems
Meristematic tissues
Shoot tip
Shoot apical
meristems

1) Composed of undifferentiated
cells.
Root apical
meristems 2) Able to divide actively by mitosis.
Root tip 3) Primary growth of plants.
KSSM Biology Form 5
 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth
Lateral meristems

Cork Vascular Forms secondary

cambium cambium xylem & phloem
Forms
periderm
Periphery of
stems and roots

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Learning Standard 1.2.2

 Pupils are able to describe positions of zone of cell division,

zone of cell elongation and zone of cell differentiation in
shoots and roots.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

The shoot tip The root tip

Zone of cell
differentiation
Zone of cell division
Zone of cell
elongation
Zone of cell
Zone of cell elongation
differentiation

Zone of cell
division

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth
The root tip

Zone of cell Root apical meristems

differentiation

Zone of cell
elongation

Zone of cell
division  Actively dividing cells
Root apical meristems  Not undergone differentiation
KSSM Biology Form 5
 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Zone of cell division

 Protected by root cap.
 Produces new cells by mitotic cell
division.
 The cells are small and arranged closely.
Thin cell wall

Large nucleus
Dense cytoplasm
(no vacuole)

Root cap
KSSM Biology Form 5
 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Zone of cell elongation

 Cells come from zone of cell division.
 Cells enlarge by taking in water by
osmosis and forming small vacuoles.
Absorb water by osmosis

Thin cell wall

Small vacuole

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Zone of cell elongation

Elongation of
cells
 Pushes the root apical meristem
downwards.
 Pushes the shoot apical meristem upwards.

 Root grows into the soil

 Shoot grows upwards

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Zone of cell differentiation

Large central vacuole

Vacuolation occurs.
Small vacuoles in the cells fuse
to form large central vacuoles.

Thick cell wall

Cell wall becomes thicker and
more rigid
KSSM Biology Form 5
 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Zone of cell differentiation

 Cells differentiate to perform specific
functions
Xylem vessel

Guard cells
Sieve tube

Root hair cells

KSSM Biology Form 5
 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

The shoot tip

The shoot tip

Shoot apical
meristems
Zone of cell division
Zone of cell Young
elongation leave

Zone of cell
differentiation Xylem

Phloem

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Learning Standard 1.2.3

 Pupils are able to identify zone of cell

division, zone of cell elongation and zone
of cell differentiation in a seed radicle.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

A seed radicle

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Learning Standard 1.2.4

 Pupils are able to describe types of

growth:
(i) primary.
(ii) secondary.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Shoot apical Primary growth

meristem
1) An increase in stem and root length.
2) Occurs as a result of the activity of
apical meristems at the tips of roots
and shoots.
3) All plants have primary growth.
Lateral
meristem Secondary growth
1) An increase in the girth of a plant.
2) Due to cell divisions that take place in
Root apical lateral meristems, along the length of
meristem the stems and roots.
KSSM Biology Form 5
 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Secondary growth
At the periphery of stems and roots

Epidermis

Cortex
Vascular cambium

Primary xylem
Primary phloem
KSSM Biology Form 5
 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Secondary growth
At the periphery of stems and roots

Vascular cambium
 Lateral meristem found between
xylem and phloem in woody
plants.
 New cells differentiate into
1) Secondary xylem
2) Secondary phloem

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Secondary growth
At the periphery of stems and roots

Vascular cambium

Direction of growth

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Secondary growth
At the periphery of stems and roots
Increase in thickness

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Secondary growth
At the periphery of stems and roots
Secondary xylem
Pushed inwards and becomes
wood
Increase in
thickness
Secondary phloem
Pushed outwards

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Secondary growth
At the periphery of stems and roots
Annual ring

KSSM Biology Form 5

Years later …
 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth
Secondary growth Epidermis
Cortex
Epidermis Primary
Cortex phloem
Vascular
Primary phloem
cambium
Primary xylem
Vascular cambium
Primary xylem

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth
Secondary growth Epidermis
Cortex
Epidermis Primary
Cortex phloem
Vascular
Primary phloem
th cambium
Primary xylem
Vascular cambium ow
Gr
Primary xylem Cork
Cork cambium
Secondary phloem
Secondary xylem
Periderm

Secondary phloem

Secondary xylem
KSSM Biology Form 5
 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth
Secondary growth Epidermis
Cortex
Epidermis Primary
Cortex phloem
Vascular
Primary phloem
th cambium
Primary xylem
Vascular cambium ow
Gr
Primary xylem Cork
Cork cambium
Secondary phloem
Secondary xylem
Periderm
owth
Gr Cork
Secondary phloem Cork cambium

Periderm
Secondary xylem
Bark
KSSM Biology Form 5
 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Learning Standard 1.2.5

 Pupils are able to justify the

necessity of primary growth and
secondary growth.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

The necessity of primary growth

 Allows shoots to grow taller to obtain

more sunlight for photosynthesis.

 Allows roots to grow deeper into the

soil to reach water and to provide
stronger support for the plant .

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

The necessity of secondary growth

 Increases the girth of plants to give better

mechanical support.
 Adds secondary xylem and secondary phloem,
for increasing transport of water and organic
substances and support.

 The cork cambium produces a layer of

waterproof cork which protects the stem from
water loss, physical damage and invasion by
insects, bacteria, and fungi.
KSSM Biology Form 5
 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Learning Standard 1.2.6

 Pupils are able to compare

and contrast primary growth
and secondary growth in
eudicotyledon plants.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 Primary growth and secondary growth
1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth
in eudicot plants -
1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Comparison

Primary Similarities ? Secondary

growth growth
Differences ?

KSSM Biology Form 5

 Primary growth and secondary growth in eudicot plants -
1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Comparison
Similarities
Primary growth Secondary growth
• In woody plants, primary growth and secondary growth
occur simultaneously.
• Both growths can increase the size of the plants
permanently.
• Both growth involve mitosis.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 Primary growth and secondary growth in eudicot plants -
1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Comparison
Differences:
Primary growth Secondary growth
1) Occurs as a result of the 1) Occurs due to cell divisions
activity of apical meristem. that take place in lateral
meristem.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Primary growth

Secondary growth

Primary growth
KSSM Biology Form 5
 Primary growth and secondary growth in eudicot plants -
1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Comparison
Differences:
Primary growth Secondary growth
2) An increase in stem and root 2) An increase in the girth of a
length. plant.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 Primary growth and secondary growth in eudicot plants -
1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Comparison
Differences:
Primary growth Secondary growth
3) Produces the young, soft 3) Produces the wood and bark.
shoots and roots.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 Primary growth and secondary growth in eudicot plants -
1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Comparison
Differences:
Primary growth Secondary growth
4) The epidermis, cortex, 4) Vascular cambium forms the
primary xylem and primary secondary phloem and xylem;
phloem are developed during Cork cambium forms the
primary growth. cork.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 Primary growth and secondary growth in eudicot plants -
1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Comparison
Differences:
Primary growth Secondary growth
Cork Cork cambium
Epidermis
Cortex
Cortex Primary phloem
Secondary phloem
Primary phloem
Vascular cambium
Primary xylem Secondary xylem

Primary xylem

KSSM Biology Form 5

 Primary growth and secondary growth in eudicot plants -
1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Comparison
Differences:
Primary growth Secondary growth
5) All plants have primary 5) Woody eudicots have
growth. secondary growth.
6) The growth processes occurs 6) The growth processes occurs
after germination. after primary growth.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Learning Standard 1.2.7

 Pupils are able

to assess the
economic
importance of
plants that
have
undergone
secondary
growth.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Economic importance of plants that have undergone secondary growth

1) Produce timber for buildings, bridges, doors,
furniture. Example: Meranti

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Economic importance of plants that have undergone secondary growth

2) Produce resins and oils. Example: Merawan

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Economic importance of plants that have undergone secondary growth

3) Fruits trees bear fruits. Example: durian, mango,
rambutan.

KSSM Biology Form 5

 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.0 Organisation of plant tissues and growth

Economic importance of plants that have undergone secondary growth

4) As ornamentals. Example: bonsai plants

KSSM Biology Form 5