Electrical Power Distribution

and Utilization.
Power System
 The generation, transmission and distribution of electric power is 3
called Power System.
A power system has the following stages:
- Generation of electric power
- Transmission of electric power.
- Distribution of electric power.
 Most transmission lines are high-voltage three-phase alternating current
(AC).
 High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) technology is used for greater
efficiency over very long distances (typically hundreds of miles).
 Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (115 kV or above) to reduce the energy
loss which occurs in long-distance transmission.
Layout of Power System 4

A power system is consist of the

following stages:
1. Power Station
2. Primary Transmission
3. Secondary Transmission
4. Primary Distribution
5. Secondary Distribution
 1.Power Station
6
 The bulk power is generated at
the power station by 3- phase, 3
wire system employing several
alternators in parallel. The usual
generation voltage is 6.6, 11,
13.2 .or 33 kV.

Due to economic consideration ,

the generation voltage is 11kV.
 2.Primary Transmission 7
 In this step 11kV is step

up to High voltages of
the order of 66 kV,132
kV,220 kV and 400 kV
are used for transmitting
power by 3 phase 3
wire overhead system.
 3. Secondary Transmission
8
 In this Step, after step down the
primary transmission voltage to
132kV or 66kV the power is
transmitted at Receiving Station
and then sent to step down
Transformer.
4.Primary Distribution 9
Step Down Transformer further
step down the voltage up to
11kV and sent to next sub
station and then to
Distribution Sub Station
(Distribution
Transformer).This is called
Primary Distribution.
5.Secondary Distribution
10
By converting 11
kV to 400V or
220V and sent to
this power to
consumer this
step is known as
Secondary
Distribution
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The arrangement of conveying electric power from bulk
power sources (generating stations or major substations) to
the various consumers is called distribution system.
Distribution is of two types. –
1. High voltage or primary distribution
2. Low voltage or secondary distribution

High voltage distribution is carried out at voltages of the

order of 33kv,66kv or,11kv.
Low voltage distribution which is carried out at 400/220
volts (in three phase 4 wires system)
Important terms of distribution system
1. Feeder
2. Distributor
3. Service mains
1.Feeder-
•A Feeder is conductor which connects the substation to the area where power is to
be distributed .
• 
•Feeder are used to feed the electrical power from the generating station to the
substation
• 
•No tapings are taken from the feeder
• 
•So the current in it remains the same throughout
• 
•Main consideration in the design of feeder is the Current carrying capacity.
2.Distributer
A distributer is a conductor from which tapings are
taken from pole mounted transformer to the
consumer 
•The current through a distributer is not constant
because tapings are taken at various places along its
length

•Voltage drop is main consideration

 
•Limit of variation is 6% of rated at consumer
3.Service mains
A service mains is a generally a small cable which connects the distributer
to the consumer ‘s meter.
 
The connecting links between the distributor and the consumer terminals.

.
CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
1. According to Nature of Construction :
a. Overhead distribution system
b. Underground distribution system

•overhead system is cheaper than underground system.

•However, underground system is used in thickly

populated areas where overhead system may not be
practicable
2. According to nature of current :
a. D.C distribution system
b. A.C distribution system

A.C distribution is universally adopted due to many advantage of a.c.

power over d.c. power.
Advantages of ac over dc:

•we got this supply by transmitting ac over long distances.

•AC can be transmitted using step up transformers but direct
current or dc can not be transmitted by this method.
•The ac is easy to generate than dc.
•It is cheaper to generate ac than dc.
•The ac generators have higher efficiency than dc.
•The ac can be easily converted into dc.
•The variation of ac can easily be done using transformers either
step up or step down.
Advantages of dc over ac :

•DC needs only two wires of transmission, while a 3 phase AC may need
up to 4 wires.
•The Corona loss associated with DC is negligible, while for AC, it
increases with its frequency.
•The skin effect is also observed in AC, leading to problems in
transmission conductor designs.
•No inductive and capacitive losses.
•No proximity effect.
•In fact, High Voltage transmission over 650 km long is often done with
DC.
3. According to number of wires :
a. 2-wire d.c. system
b.3-wire d.c. system
c.Single phase, 2-wire a.c. system
d.3-phase, 3-wire a.c. system
e.3-phase, 4—wire a.c. system
4. According to the system of connection:
(a) Radial system
(b) Ring main system
(c) Interconnected system

Radial System: when the distributor is fed at one end

only, it is called radial distribution system. A single line diagram of radial
system is shown in fig.
Advantages of radial system:
1. its initial cost is minimum.
2.this system is employed when electrical energy is
generated at low voltage and power station is situated at the
center of load.
Disadvantages:
3.the end of the distributor nearest to the supply end would be
heavily loaded.
4.the consumers at the distant end of the distributor would be
subjected to serious voltage variations.
When the load on the distributor changes.
Ring main system:
In this system the only one Power Substation and there may be two or
three feeders which are connected to the ring of distributors. Which
further connected to controller switches A,B,C and D.

Advantages of ring main system:

1.it offers a great reliability of supply. In the event of fault on any
system(Transformer) of feeder, the continuity of supply can be
maintained.
2. There may be two or three feeders but Power Substation is only
one.
Inetrconnected system:
In an “interconnected system” the feeder ring is energised by two or more than
two generating stations or substations fig. shows the single line diagram of an
interconnected system. The closed feeder ring ABCDA is supplied by four
stations S1, S2, S3 & S4 at
points D,A, B & C.
Introduction of Substations
 A substation is a part of an electrical generation,
transmission, and distribution system. Substations
transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse,
or perform any of several other important
functions.
21
Types of Substations
1. Transmission substation 22
• A substation where two or more transmission lines which are come
from Generation Station are connected is called Transmission
substation.
 23
2. Distribution substation
A Substation that receive power from Transmission Substation or Power Station and after
step down the voltage, finally sent to the user is called Distribution substation.
It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main transmission
network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces
voltage to a level suitable for local distribution. I
The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub
transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 W, or whatever is common in
the area. The output is a number of feeders.
Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV
depending on the size of the area served and the practices of the local utility.
3. Switching substation 24

•A switching station is
a substation without transformers
and operating only at a single
voltage level

•Sometimes they are used

for switching or for parallelizing
circuits in case of failure.
Components of Substations 26

Various components are used at grid transmission substations. These are

as follows:

1. Conductors
2. Current transformers
3. Potential Transformers
4. Lighting Arresters
5. The isolator
6. Bus Bar
7. Circuit Breaker
Conductors

 It allows the flow of electric charge. It permits the free movement of the
flow of electrons through them.

Insulators
 Metals which do not allow the free movement of electrons or electric
charge. They resist electricity with their high resisting property.
 Insulator

Conductor
Current transformers
A current transformer (CT) is a type
of transformer that is used to reduce or
multiply an alternating current (AC).
It produces a current in its secondary which is
proportional to the current in its primary
Potential transformer
Transformer used for the
transformation of voltage
from a higher value to the
lower value.
Lightning Arrester
A lightning arrester (lightning diverter)
is a device used on electric
power systems
and telecommunication systems to
protect the insulation and conductors
of the system from the damaging
effects of lightning.
 The isolator
•The isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of the
circuit from the system as when required.
•Its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the
other and is not intended to be opened while current is flowing in
the line
Bus Bar
Bus Bar is a metallic strips of copper ,
conductor or group of conductor which is
used for electrical power distribution as
junction or node. The Bus bars that makes the
electrical power distribution much easier ,
less expensive and more flexible. Bus
Bar manufactured by aluminum and copper.
Circuit Breakers 
Circuit breakers are used to open and
close circuits.
They can be operated manually to perform
maintenance or will automatically trip if a
short circuit occurs.
Relays
 These are used for disconnection of the circuits by manual or automatic
operation. It consists of coil which is excited or energized to break or
make a circuit connection.

Capacitor bank
 It is a set of many identical capacitors connected in series or parallel
within an enclosure and is used for power factor correction and basic
protection of the substation.
Relays Capacitor Bank