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2. DNA replication
3. Transcription, translation
DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides
Nitrogenous
base
Sugar Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
Phosphate
group
Nucleotide
Thymine (T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
DNA nucleotide
Polynucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone Figure 10.2A
Pyrimidines Purines
Figure 10.2B
– U instead of T
Phosphate
group
Uracil (U)
Sugar
(ribose) Figure 10.2C, D
Figure 10.3A, B
Figure 10.3D
helicase
DNA polymerase
Figure 10.4B
Bubble
Figure 10.5A
double helix is P
oriented in the
opposite direction
P
P
P P
P P
3 end 5 end
Figure 10.5B
works in 3 Daughter
strand
synthesized
only one 3
in pieces
P
direction 5
• Telomere
sequences
are lost 5
P telomeres
with each 3
replication.
• Cancer, DNA ligase
DNA
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA
TRANSLATION
Protein
Figure 10.6A
Direction of
transcription
Template
strand of DNA
Figure 10.9A
Newly made RNA
– single-stranded
messenger RNA peels
away and DNA Termination
Growing
RNA
strands rejoin
Completed RNA
RNA
Figure 10.9B polymerase
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RNA transcripts of DNA
• Noncoding DNA
Exon Intron Exon Intron Exon
segments, Cap
Transcription
Addition of cap and tail
CYTOPLASM
Figure 10.10
DNA molecule
Gene 2
DNA strand
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA
Codon
TRANSLATION
Polypeptide
Amino acid
Figure 10.7
U C A G
UUU UCU UAU UGU U
phe tyr cys
UUC UCC UAC UGC C
U ser
UUA UCA UAA stop UGA stop A
leu
UUG UCG UAG stop UGG trp G
CUU CCU CAU his CGU U
CUC CCC CAC CGC C
C leu pro arg
Third Base
First Base
DNA
Transcription
RNA
Start Stop
codon Translation codon
Polypeptide
Figure 10.8B
polypeptide
• The process is aided RNA polynucleotide chain
by transfer RNAs
Anticodon
Figure 10.11A
Amino acid
attachment
site
Anticodon
Figure 10.11B, C
P A
mRNA
mRNA
binding
site
Codons
mRNA Small
subunit
Figure 10.12A-C
AUG = methionine
Start of genetic message
End
Figure 10.13A
Large
Initiator tRNA ribosomal
subunit
P site
A site
Start
codon Small ribosomal
mRNA subunit
1 2
Figure 10.13B
Polypeptide
A
P site site
Anticodon
mRNA
1 Codon recognition
mRNA
movement
Stop
codon
mRNA mRNA
Glu Val
Figure 10.16A
mRNA
BASE SUBSTITUTION
Homologous
chromosomes Duplication
Inversion
Reciprocal
translocatio
n
Nonhomologous
chromosomes Figure 8.23A, B
transcription
Stage 1 mRNA is
and mRNA
RNA
transcribed from a
DNA template.
polymerase
translation Amino acid
TRANSLATION
Stage 2 Each amino
Enzyme acid attaches to its
proper tRNA with the
help of a specific
enzyme and ATP.
tRNA
Initiator Anticodon
tRNA Stage 3 Initiation of
Large polypeptide synthesis
ribosomal
subunit The mRNA, the first
tRNA, and the
ribosomal subunits
Start Small
Codon ribosomal come together.
mRNA
subunit
Figure 10.15
Stage 5 Termination
The ribosome recognizes
a stop codon. The poly-
peptide is terminated and
Stop Codon released.