LUNG Group 4

Atiga, Almar C.

CANCER
Balmoria Maria Blaise M.
Castillo, Clydel John
Mulles, Prince Byrone
Pacle, Lorraine
Radam, Sandralane C.
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS LUNG CANCER?
● Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out
of control. When cancer starts in the lungs, it is
called lung cancer.

● Lung cancer begins in the lungs and may spread to

lymph nodes or other organs in the body, such as the
brain. Cancer from other organs also may spread to the
lungs. When cancer cells spread from one organ to
another, they are called metastasis.
WHAT IS LUNG CANCER?
● Lung cancers usually are grouped into two main types
called small cell and non-small cell (including
adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma).
These types of lung cancer grow differently and are
treated differently. Non-small cell lung cancer is more
common than small cell lung cancer.
FACTS ABOUT LUNG CANCER
● LUNG CANCER is the leading cause of cancer
death worldwide. An estimated 238,340 people
will be diagnosed with lung cancer in 2023 in the
U.S. 1 in 16 people will be diagnosed with lung
cancer in their lifetime – 1 in 16 men, and 1 in 17
women.
CHANCES OF GETTING LUNG
CANCER
Men Women

The risk is about 1 in 16 The risk is about 1 in 17

 Anatomy
and
Physiology
 Endocrine system
 Biological system consisting of specific
organs and structures used for gas
exchange in animals and plants.
 Come hand in hand with the circulatory
system
 Diffusion and Bulk flow
 Varies from each kind of organism
 “ anyways” – monotonous voice
 Not capable of holding in air while
initiating vibrative movements of air
towards the muscles, cartilage, tissues and
chambers to produce sound
Types of Lung Cancer
 TYPES OF LUNG CANCER

85% 15%
Other types of
lung tumors
NSCLC SCLC Others which cannot be
classified (18%) and
This type of lung SCLC quickly others (6%)
cancer often develops grows and spread
slowly and causes few to other parts of
or no symptoms until the body,
it has advanced. including the
lymph nodes.
Pathophysiology
 Non Modifiable
Modifiable Risk Risk Factor(s)
Factor(s) Lung Cancer
 Air pollution
 Smoking  History and
 Singled transformed
Environment radiation
Central epithelial cells changes the Peripheral
al and cell’s DNA therapy
tumour tumour
Occupational  History of
Exposure  Malignant chronic
cells destructive
Distal pulmonary
Invasive Irritated disease and
obstruction and
carcinoma airway and chronic
infection
may pulmonary
infiltrate the fibrosis
 Metastatic lesion pleura  Genetic
Mutation
 Age 40-60
Change in the ability of the lungs (occurrence)
to clear infections and exchange 50-60 (peak)
gases
Nursing
Care Plan

Assessment
 
 
 
SUBJECTIVE:
 Increased Tension
 Worried
 Vague uneasy
Perceived Threat  feelings of
feeling to Current Health
 Nervousness
 Helplessness
 
 
 
OBJECTIVE
 
 Poor eye contact
 Fidgeting
 Restlessness
 Irritability
 Voice quivering
 Trembling
 Facial tension
 
Nursing Diagnosis Scientific Basis
 
 
  Uncertainty associated with
cancer can foster future-
Anxiety  focused worry and ultimately
related to diminish physical well being,
especially among young adult.
Stress perception might
exacerbate the association of
status  worry and physical well being.
Objective/
Interventions Rationales Evaluation
Goal
After 24hrs of nursing 1. Acknowledge awareness of patient’s 1. Acknowledgement of client’s feelings  Client
intervention, the client will anxiety. Reassure client that he/she is safe. validates the feelings and communicates involvement and
be able to: Establish a therapeutic relationship with acceptance of those feelings. The response to
  client throughout continuity of care, presence of a trusted person assures interventions,
  conveying empathy and unconditional client his/her security and safety during a teaching, and
 Verbalize positive regard. Be available to the client for period of anxiety. In addition, an ongoing actions
awareness of listening and talking. relationship establishes a basis for performed
  communicating anxious feelings,  
anxiety   promotes expression of feelings.  Attainment or
      progress towards
 Use     desired
resources/supp 2. Orient client to the environment as needed. 2. Orientation and awareness of the outcomes
ort systems Use simple language and brief statements surroundings promotes comfort and a
effectively. when instructing client about diagnostic and decrease in anxiety. When experiencing
  surgical test. moderate to severe anxiety, clients are
 Demonstrates   unable to comprehend anything more than
a positive   simple, clear and brief instructions.
coping method    
  3. Encourage client to notify staff when 3. Staff availability reinforces a feeling of
  anxious feelings occur. security for client.
4. Encourage client to talk about anxious 4. Becoming aware helps the client control
feelings and examine the anxiety-provoking and manage these behaviors and begin to
situation. Assist client in assessing the deal with issues that causes anxiety.
situation realistically and recognizing Being truthful validates reality of feelings.
factors leading to the anxious feelings. Be False reassurances may be interpreted as
truthful and avoid false reassurances. lack of understanding or dishonesty,
  further isolating client.
5. Assist in developing anxiety-reducing skills 5. Utilizing anxiety-reduction strategies
( relaxation, deep breathing, positive enhances client’s sense of personal
visualization, reassuring self-statements, mastery and confidence.
etc.)  
  6. Aids in meeting basic human need,
6. Provide comfort measures. decreasing sense off isolation, and
assisting client to feel less anxious.
 Nursing Scientific Objective/
Assessment Interventions Rationales Evaluation
Diagnosis Basis Goal
         
1.  To determine breathing  Client
1. Determine the presence of
    After 24hrs of nursing impairments. involveme
factors/conditions such as dyspnea. 
    intervention, the client will nt and
Dysfunctional response
   Ineffective be able to:  2. Observe characteristics of breathing patterns. 2. To evaluate client's respiratory status to
SUBJECTIVE: breathing causes   Note for nasal flaring, or pursed lip breathing. or breathing pattern. interventi
  breathing pattern alterations in the   Irregular patterns such as, prolonged expiration, ons,
periods of apnea and obvious agonal breathing teaching,
gas exchange

 
dyspnea  related to (inspiration and
 Establish a
normal, effective must also be noted.   and
actions
  dyspnea expiration respiratory pattern performe

mechanisms) 3. Observe chest size, shape, and symmetry of 3. Changes in movement of the chest wall can d
OBJECTIVE
 
secondary to resulting in
as evidenced by
absence of
movement. impair breathing patterns.  
 Attainmen
 Nasal lung cancer insufficient cyanosis and other t or
progress
4. Note the presence and character of cough. 4. Cough that is persistent and constant can
Flaring ventilation. signs and towards
 Pursed lip symptoms of interfere with breathing. desired
outcomes
breathing  When the hypoxia, with
breathing pattern arterial blood 5. For management of underlying pulmonary
is ineffective, the gases (ABGs) 5. Administer oxygen at the lowest concentration conditions, respiratory distress, or cyanosis.
indicated and prescribed respiratory medications.
body will likely not within client’s
get enough normal or 6. To verify maintenance and/or improvement
6. Monitor pulse oximetry, as indicated.
oxygen to the acceptable range. in oxygen saturation.
cells. Respiratory  Verbalize
failure may be awareness of
correlated with causative factors.
variations in  Demonstrate 7. Elevate the head of the bed or have the client sit
up in a chair. 7. To promote physiological and psychological
respiratory rate, appropriate coping ease of maximal inspiration.
abdominal and behavior. 
thoracic patterns.  
8. To assist client in taking control of breathing
 
8. Direct client in breathing efforts as needed. patterns.
Encourage slower and deeper respirations and use
of the pursed-lip technique.
 Nursing Scientific Objective/
Assessment Interventions Rationales Evaluation
Diagnosis Basis Goal
           
1. Determine the type of discomfort the client is 1. A comfort scale is similar to a pain rating  Client
    After 24hrs of experiencing. Have the client rate total comfort, scale and can help the client identify the involvement and
    The discomfort may nursing intervention, using a scale of 0 to 10, or a "general comfort" focus of discomfort. response to
  result from enlarged the client will be interventions,

SUBJECTIVE:  Impaired lymph nodes or able to:

  metastasis to the chest  
 Dyspnea comfort wall, the lining around  
 Chest pain the lungs (called pleura), 
related to
 Shouder pain  or the ribs. Lung cancer
  that has spread to your
  chest pain bones may produce pain
in your back or in other
OBJECTIVE
  secondary areas of your body.
 Restlessness  Participate
 Swelling in to lung  
the neck,
face, arms, cancer When a lung tumor
or upper causes tightness in the
chest chest or presses on
 Hemoptysis nerves, chest pain
 Nasal flaring occurs, especially when
Pursed lip breathing deeply,
 6. To meet/enhance physical comfort.
coughing or laughing.
breathing  
Shoulder pain may also
occur if a lung tumor
exerts pressure on a
nearby nerve or if lung
cancer spreads to the
bones in or around the  
shoulder.  
questionnaire using a Likert-type scale.
2. Lack of control may be related to other issues
teaching, and
actions performed
 
2. Determine how the client is managing pain and
pain components.
such as fear, loneliness, anxiety, noxious stimuli, or
anger.
 Attainment or
progress towards
Verbalize
desired outcomes
sense of 3. Establish a collaborative approach in treating or 3. Working with the client to promote awareness,
comfort or managing medical conditions involving oxygenation, and promote physical stability.
contentme elimination, mobility, cognitive abilities, electrolyte
balance, thermoregulation, and hydration.
nt
4. Discuss and assist client to use and modify
4. To promote ease and relaxation, to refocus
in
pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic regimen. attention, and make the best use of
pharmacological pain or symptom management.
desirable
and
5. Provide information about condition/health risk
factors or concerns in desired format (e.g. pictures, 5. The use of multiple modalities enhances
realistic articles, handouts, audio/visual materials and other acquisition/retention of information and gives the
health- databases) as appropriate.
client choices for accessing and applying
seeking information.
6. Promote overall health measures (e.g. nutrition,
behavior.
adequate fluid intake, elimination, and appropriate
vitamin and iron supplementation).
Demonstra
te 7. Discuss potential complications and the possible
appropriat need for medical follow-up or alternative
e coping therapies. 7. Timely recognition and intervention can
promote wellness.
behavior 
Drug Therapeutic Report
Prognosis
 PROGNOSIS

About 2 in 5 people with the condition live for at least

a year after being diagnosed, and about 1 in 10 live
for at least ten years.

However, survival rates vary greatly depending on

how far the cancer has spread at the time of
diagnosis. An early diagnosis can make a significant
difference.