CALL ROUTING IN GSM

Call Routing
⚫ Call Originating from
MS
⚫ Call termination to MS
Outgoing Call
1. MS sends dialled number to BSS
2.BSS sends dialled number to MSC
3,4 MSC checks VLR if MS is
allowed the
requested service. If so,MSC asks
BSS
to allocate resources for call.
5 MSC routes the call to GMSC
67, GMSC routes the call to
8, local exchange
Answer of called
back(ring back) tone
9,10 user
is routed from called user to
MS via GMSC,MSC,BSS
Incoming Call 1. Calling a GSM
subscribers
2. Forwarding call to
GSMC
3. Signal Setup to HLR
4. 5. Request MSRN
from VLR
6. Forward responsible
MSC
to GMSC
7. Forward Call to
current MSC
8. 9. Get current status
of
MS
10.11. Paging of MS
12.13. MS answers
PLMN INTERFACE
(private land mobile network)
NETWORK ASPECTS IN GSM
⚫ For roaming purpose a mobile need
registration, authentication, call routing and
location update.
⚫ The layer dependencies in GSM is structured into
three general layers :
⚫ Layer 1 is physical layer
⚫ Layer 2 is DLL used for interface, LAPD(link
access procedure-D) protocol is used.
⚫ Layer 3 is used for signaling purpose, it includes
Radio resources Management : setup control,
maintenance Mobility Management : registration
procedures
Connection Management : includes services like SMS
GSM FREQUENCY ALLOCATION
1
 A TCH (traffic channel) carry 26 multiple frames at one
instance.

1 I
Mobility Management
⚫ Paging
⚫ Location Update
⚫ Handover
⚫ Authentication & Security Issues during
Handover
⚫ Roaming
Pagin
gFor a mobile terminated call the MS needs to be
⚫
traced, located and then the call connected.
⚫ The MS is traced through the Paging process
within a location.
⚫ Mobile call reception is the process of the
GSM
system sending paging messages on a paging
control channel to alert mobile devices that they are
receiving a call. Mobile devices listen for paging messages
with their identification code on a paging channel.
Location Update
Different condition in location update:

 When there is a mobile originated outgoing call, the location

information is updated in the VLR and HLR.
 When the MS moves from one location area to another location area
information in the VLR and HLR is updated.
 The MS updates the location co-ordinates when its location is more
than “k” cells away in distance from the location information of the
last update.
 The MS updates the location information when its cross exactly “k”
cell boundaries irrespective of the distance.
 In addiction, there is an explicit periodic location update by the MS.
The time period is defined by the GSM network operator and is
within the range of 1 Deci-hour to 240 Deci-hours with a granularity
of 1 Deci-hour
Handovers

⚫ Between 1 and 2 – Inter BTS

/
Intra BSC
⚫ Between 1 and 3 –
Inter BSC/ Intra
MSC
⚫ Between 1 and 4 –
Inter MSC
 4 different types of handover in GSM:

 Channels(time slots) in the same

cell.
 Cells(BTS) under the control of the
same BSC.
 Cells under the control of different
BSCs, but belonging to the same
MSC.
 Cells under the control of different
MSCs.
 Types of handover:
Internal handover: External handover:
• It involves only one • It handled by the MSC.
BSC. • It is used to determined
• To save SS7 Signalling whether a handover is
bandwidth, they are required, due to RF
managed by the BSC criteria, the mobile shall
without involving the take radio
MSC, except to notify it measurements from
at the completion of the neighbouring cells.
handover.
Handover Management Procedure
in GSM Network
 Roaming
Horizontal Roaming: Vertical Roaming:
Horizontal Roaming is Vertical roaming is between
between two networks two networks from
from same family. different family.
For example, GSM to
For example, GSM to CDMA roaming.
GSM roaming. When vertical roaming
happens without any
disruption of session or
service is called seamless
roaming.