Library

Academic Integrity, Referencing and Citation

Presenter: Mrs N.Kwangwa
Email Address: library@uzlib.uz.ac.zw
Learning Objectives and Outcomes

The unit seeks to fulfil the following objective:

To explain the essential aspects of referencing and citation in
academic writing

At the end of the Unit, student should be able to: Apply the
prescribed citation style in academic writing
 Structure of the Presentation

Referencing and Citation

Definition
Key considerations in referencing and citation
How to cite
 Referencing
Good written academic work is
based on research evidence from
other scholars
Referencing is the process of
acknowledging other people’s
work when you have used it in
your assignment or research
(Pears and Shields, 2019)
It provides the link between
Webley, 2016
what you write and the evidence
on which it is based
 Importance of Referencing
It is a good research practice
It allows the reader to locate your source material
Demonstrate that you have read widely on the subject
To indicate evidence of your research, and thereby appreciate your contribution to the topic
To establish the credibility and authority of your ideas and arguments
Give credit to the original author/creator thereby avoiding plagiarism
Enable the reader to form their own views on the value of your sources
Distinguish between your own ideas and opinions, and those of others
To achieve a better mark or grade
 When you Should Reference
Every time you use someone else’s work or ideas in your own work (assignments,
essays, presentations, dissertations, and other research or publications)
If one quotes directly from a source
If one paraphrases or summarises someone else’s work
If one reads about a source from within another source
If one includes an image, or video in one’s paper, one’s power point presentation
Discussion questions:
Do you cite everything? What about referencing anecdotal or personal experience?
What about referencing confidential information?
 How to Cite

Citing involves referring to someone else’s work or ideas in the text of

your essay or assignment
Normally, one of three types of systems is used namely alphabetical or a
numerical system or a system that makes use of footnotes
There are different citation styles that exist but they convey the same
information
Whichever citation style one uses, it is important that one is consistent in
its application
 How to Cite

Alphabetical system Numerical system Footnote system

Sources are listed in the Use footnote numbers in
Sources are arranged
alphabetically in the references list in the the text and full references
references list according numerical sequence in in the footnotes at the
to the surname of the which they appear for the bottom of the page
first author first time in the text
In-text citation consists In-text, the source is
of surname(s) of the indicated with a number
author(s) and year of in brackets or superscript
publication in some
cases and page
number(s)
 How to Cite

Basic components of a Basic components of a Basic components of a

Book citation Journal Article citation Web Page Citation
Author Author (or Company or
Author (or editor)
Year of Publication Organisation)
Year of Publication Article Title Year of Publication
Title Journal Title Web page Title
Place of publication Volume Number URL
Publisher Issue Number
Date retrieved
Pages
URL/DOI (for eBooks) URL/DOI (For
ejournals)
How to Cite

Arrange the citation information aligned with the standards and

guidelines of the selected citation style
These citations will then link to the full reference in the reference
list at the end of your work, which is arranged in accordance with the
selected citation style
In text citations and the list of references can be generated either
manually or using a reference manager
In the next section, you will be introduced to the citation style used in
your Faculty
 Activity

Congratulations for going through the first part of Unit 6 Academic

Integrity, Referencing and Citation!
You are now expected to finish the Unit by doing the following:
1. Read the sources provided in the Unit Package
2. Complete the quiz
3. Participate in online discussion provided in eLMS
4. Attend the lecture on the specific citation style used in your
Faculty
5. Attend the lecture on electronic reference management systems
 References and Recommended Reading
List
Macfarlane,B., Zhang, J. & Pun, A.  (2014). Academic integrity: a review of the literature. Studies in Higher Education, 39:2, 339-358, DOI: 
10.1080/03075079.2012.709495
Harish, H.T. 2018. Referencing! Preventing Plagiarism of Academic Research in 21st Century: Why, When and How. Available:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348871096
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. 2021. Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors. Available:
http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html
Stephen Elias, and Editors of Nolo. 2018. Legal Research : How to Find & Understand the Law. Vol. 18th edition. Berkley, California: NOLO.
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1801721&site=ehost-live. Available in EBSCO Ebooks
Van Dyk, T and Coetzee, M. 2010. Make sense of referencing-The Havard, APA and Vancouver methods and the footnote system. Stellenbosch:
Stellenbosch University Language Centre
Webley, L. 2016. Legal Writing. London: Routledge. Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1163641&site=ehost-live (Accessed: 27 September, 2021).
WIPO. 2021. What is intellectual property?. Available: https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en