introduction

Agriculture has been the backbone of the

Indian economy and it will continue to remain so for a long time. It
has to support almost 17 per cent of world population from 2.3 per
cent of world geographical area and 4.2 per cent of world’s water
resources. The economic reforms, initiated in the country during the
early 1990s, have put the economy on a higher growth trajectory.
Annual growth rate in GDP has accelerated from below 6 percent
during the initial years of reforms to more than 8 percent in recent
years. This happened mainly due to rapid growth in non-agriculture
sector. The workforce engaged in agriculture between 1980-81 and
2006-07 witnessed a very small decline; from 60.5 percent to 52
percent. The present cropping intensity of 137 per cent has registered
an increase of only 26 per cent since 1950-51. The degradation of land
and surface as well as ground water resources results in fast
deterioration of soil health. Losses due to biotic (insect-pests, diseases,
weeds) and abiotic (drought, salinity, heat, cold, etc.) stresses account
for about one-fourth of the value of agricultural produce. The storage,
transportation, processing, value addition and marketing of farm
produce need to be improved to enhance household food, nutrition
and livelihood security.
 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA Click icon to add picture

 Indian agriculture began by 9000 BC as a result of early cultivation of plants. Wheat,

barley and jujube were among crops, sheep and goats were among animals that were
domesticated.
 Ancient Indian Agriculture in Indus Valley Civilization . The farmers of the Indus Valley
grew peas, sesame, and dates. Rice was cultivated in the Indus Valley Civilization.
Irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilization by around 4500 BC.
 Indian Agriculture in Vedic period(BC. 1000–500 BC).The use of iron was introduced in
this period. Cultivation of cereals, vegetables, and fruits is described in the text. Meat and
milk products were part of the diet; animal husbandry was important.
 Indian Agriculture in Mauryan Empire(322–185 BCE) categorized soils and made
meteorological observations for the agricultural use. Other Mauryan facilitation included
construction and maintenance of dams and provision of horse-drawn chariots—that was
quicker than traditional bullock carts.
 Ancient South Indian Agriculture.Tamil people cultivated a wide range of crops such as
rice, sugarcane, millets, black pepper, various grains, coconuts, beans, cotton, plantain,
tamarind and sandalwood, Jackfruit, coconut, palm, areca and plantain trees etc.
Systematic ploughing, manuring, weeding, irrigation and crop protection was practiced
for sustained agriculture in South India. Water storage systems were designed during this
period.
 INDIAN AGRICULTURAL SCENERIO
STRENGTHS WEAKNESS
- Rich Bio-diversity - Fragmentation of land
- Arable Land - Low technology inputs
- Climate - Un-Sustainable water management

- Strong and well dispersed - Poor Infrastructure

Research and extension system - Low value addition

OPPORTUNITIES
- Bridgeable yield crops
- Exports
- Agro-based industries
- Horticulture
- Untapped potential in the N.E.
THREATS
- Unsustainable Resource Use
- Unsustainable Regional Development
- Imports