Teacher Mya/Yr-9 Chemistry/IIP 1

The structure of the atom

Mya Thet Htar Swe

(PhD, Pharmaceutical
Engineering)
 Teacher Mya/Yr-9 Chemistry/IIP 2

Group 7 elements

 Group 7 elements are also known as Halogens

 Non-metals that are poisonous and includes: Fluorine, Chlorine,
Bromine, Iodine and Astatine.
 Teacher Mya/Yr-9 Chemistry/IIP 3

Group 7 elements
 Group 7 elements exist as diatomic molecules , meaning they
form molecules of two atoms.
 Teacher Mya/Yr-9 Chemistry/IIP 4

Group 7 elements
(1) Trends in Atomic Radius/Atomic size of Group 7 Elements
 Go down from top to bottom, atomic radius increase

Atomic radius
Name Trend
(pm)

Fluorine (F) 68 smallest

Chlorine (Cl) 94 ↓

Bromine (Br) 114 ↓

Iodine (I) 133 ↓

Astatine  (At) 202 largest

 Teacher Mya/Yr-9 Chemistry/IIP 5

Group 7 elements
(2) Trends in the Melting Point/Boiling Point of Group 7 Elements

 Go down from top to bottom, the melting and boiling points

increases
Melting Point Boiling Point Physical
Name Formula
(M.P.oC) (B.P.oC) state
fluorine F2 -223 -187 gas
chlorine Cl2 -102 -35 gas
bromine Br2 -7.3 59 liquid
iodine I2 114 183 solid
astatine At2 302 337 solid
 Teacher Mya/Yr-9 Chemistry/IIP 6

Group 7 elements
(3) Trends in Electronic Configuration of Group 7 Elements
 Group 7 elements have 7 valence electrons (7 electrons in the valence shell
or highest energy level).

Name Electronic
Atomic Number (Z)
(Symbol) Configuration

Fluorine (F) 9 2,7

Chlorine (Cl) 17 2,8,7

Bromine (Br) 35 2,8,18,7

Iodine (I) 53 2,8,18,18,7

Astatine  (At) 85 2,8,18,32,18,7
 Teacher Mya/Yr-9 Chemistry/IIP 7

Group 7 elements
(4) Trends in Ionisation Energy of Group 7 Elements
 Go down from top to bottom, ionisation energy decreases

Ionisation Reaction Ionisation Energy (kJ mol-1) Trend

F(g) → F-(g) + e- 1690 highest

Cl(g) → Cl-(g) + e- 1260 ↑

Br(g) → Br-(g) + e- 1150 ↑

I(g) → I-(g) + e- 1020 lowest

 Teacher Mya/Yr-9 Chemistry/IIP 8

Group 7 elements
(5) Trends in Reactivity of Group 7 Elements
 Go down from top to bottom, reactivity decreases
 Go down the group, an additional electron shell is added and increasing the atomic
size of the atom.
 The electrons in the outer shell move further away from the nucleus and the
attraction force between the electrons and the nucleus become weaker and weaker.
 This weaker attraction in the larger atoms makes it harder to gain electron.
 Therefore the ability of the atom to attract electron to fill the outermost shell
reduces, which means the reactivity of the atom decreases.
 Teacher Mya/Yr-9 Chemistry/IIP 9

Group 7 elements
(5) Trends in Reactivity of Group 7 Elements
Name Reaction with hydrogen Trend in Reaction Rate

fluorine F2(g) + H2(g) → 2HF(g) explosive reaction

chlorine Cl2(g) + H2(g) → 2HCl(g) vigorous reaction

bromine Br2(l) + H2(g) → 2HBr(g) rapid reaction

iodine I2(s) + H2(g) → 2HI(g) least vigorous reaction

 Chlorine is more reactive than iodine although they both need to gain only one
electron to have full outer shells.
 It is because the outer electron of iodine atom is furthest from the positive
attractions of the nucleus compared to the outer electron of chlorine.
 Greater distance between nucleus and outer shell means less attraction so it is
harder to gain an extra electron. 
 Teacher Mya/Yr-9 Chemistry/IIP 10

Group 7 elements
 Atoms of group 7 elements all have 7 electrons in the valence
shell (highest energy level).

 Gained an electron instead of losing an electron, as shown in

the equations below:

F + e- → F-
Cl + e- → Cl-
Br + e- → Br-
I + e- → I-
 Teacher Mya/Yr-9 Chemistry/IIP 11

Group 7 elements
(6) Trends in Color Intensity of Group 7 Elements
Go down from top to bottom, color intensity increases (color
become darker)