Group VII: Halogens

Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine

F Cl Br I At
2,7 2,8,7 2,8,8,7 2,8,18,8,7 2,8,18,32,18,7

Physical properties
Symbol Colour Physical Colour Density Mp & Bp
state at when
room mixed
temperature with
water
F Pale Gas - As you go As you go
yellow down the down the
Cl Pale Gas Blue- group the group the
green green density mp & bp
Br Red- Liquid Orange increases increases
brown
I Black Solid Purple
At Black Solid -
- Halogens exists as diatomic molecules
Eg, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2,
- Non-metals
- Doesn’t conduct heat or electricity
- The atomic radius increases down the group
Number of filled electron increases
Distance between the valence electron and nucleus increases.
- Density increases down the group because of the relative
molecular mass.

Chemical properties
- The elements in group VII have the same chemical properties
Because they have the same number of valence electrons
- The Reactivity decreases down the group:
a) Each grp VII elements has 7 valence electron
b) The reactivity of each group VII element depends on the
tendency of the element to receive an electron
c) Atomic radius tends to increase along the way
 d) Therefore, there are more electrons build in the shells and
make it difficult for it to gain the electron.
e) Hence, the reactivity decreases down the group.

Reactions:
(i) Halogen + H2O --------- acid + bleaching agent
(ii) Halogen + metal -------- salt (metal halide)
(iii) Halogen oxide + NaOH -------- salt + H2O

The transition elements

- There are 30 transition elements.
Physical properties
1) High density
2) Very hard
3) High electrical conductivity
4) High tensible strength (doesn’t break when you bend them)
5) Silvery surface
6) High mp and bp
7) Atomic radius and electronegativity are almost the same
8) Malleable and ductile

Special properties
1. Catalytic properties
2. Variable oxidation number
3. Coloured compounds
4. Forms complex ions
Group VIII: Noble gases / Inert gases
Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
2 2,8 2,8,8 2,8,18,8 2,8,18,18,8 2,8,18,32,18,8

Physical properties
- Noble gas is also known as the inert gas
- Colourless gas
- Doesn’t conduct electricity and heat
- Insoluble in water
- Atomic radius increases down the group, because:
Number of filled electron shells increases down the group
The valence electron is further from the nucleus
Low mp and bp because:
- They have very weak “van der waals force” (intermolecular forces)
- Hence, less energy is required to overcome the weak
intermolecular force.
- Mp and Bp down the group increases. The intermolecular forces
becomes stronger because of the number of filled shells.
Low density
- Density down the group increase because of the relative molecular
mass.

Chemical properties
- Chemically inert (unreactive in nature)
- They are unreactive because of they have fully filled out electron
achieving octet, for helium it has achieved duplet. They have
stable arrangement.
- They do not accept or donate electrons with other element.
- They are monoatoms.
Uses of noble gases:
Task : Mention uses of noble gasses as many as you can.