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Solar Energy Systems
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Solar Energy Measurement
The annual, monthly, daily and hourly records of the amount
of solar radiation received at any given location over the
earth’s surface are essential for the design of solar energy
systems.
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Solar Energy Measurement
A variety of instruments are used for the measurement of solar
radiation. They are categorized into two groups:
pyranometers and
pyrheliometers.
Pyranometers are used to measure the total radiation, incident on
a horizontal surface from the entire sky.
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The diffuse component is avoided by installing a collimator
tube over the sensor with a circular cone angle of about 50.
Apart from the direct solar radiation records, there may be
records of bright sunshine hours and approximate cloud cover
for the location under interest.
Sunshine recorders are devices that measure hours of bright
sunshine, not energy. These devices are sensitive only to the
direct component of solar radiation when it is above some
imprecise threshold.
The Campbell sunshine recorder is the classic recorder widely
used throughout the world.
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PV system
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Major system components
Solar PV system includes different components that should be
selected according to your system type, site location and
applications.
The major components for solar PV system are solar charge
controller, inverter, battery bank, auxiliary energy sources and
loads (appliances).
• PV module
converts sunlight into DC electricity
The solar array consists of one or more PV modules which
convert sunlight into electric energy.
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Cont’...
The modules are connected in series and/or parallel to provide
the voltage and current levels to meet your needs.
The array is usually mounted on a metal structure and tilted to
face the sun.
• Solar charge controller
regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV panels
going to battery and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs
the battery life.
Although charge controllers can be purchased with many
optional features, their main function is to maintain the batteries
at the proper charge level, and to protect them from
overcharging.
• Inverter
converts DC output of PV panels or wind turbine into a clean AC
current for AC appliances or fed back into grid line.
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when you want to power AC devices.
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• Battery
stores energy for supplying to electrical appliances when there is
a demand
The battery bank contains one or more deep-cycle batteries,
connected in series and/or parallel depending on the voltage and
current capacity needed.
The batteries store the power produced by the solar array and
discharge it when required.
• Load
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What Factors Affect Solar PV System Efficiency
•Temperature. Solar panel efficiency varies with
temperature. ...
•Soiling. Material that accumulates on the surface of
PV panels can block light from reaching the solar
cells, thereby reducing the generated power. ...
•Shading. ...
•Mismatch. ...
•Inverter Efficiency. ...
•Age.
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PV System Engineering
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Residence Device and Load Calculating
As a first step, the electrical devices available at the residence are itemized
with their power ratings and time of operation during the day to obtain the
average energy demand in Watt-hour per day.
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Sizing and Selecting of the Solar Array
Before sizing the array, the total daily energy in Watt-hours (E), the
average sun hour per day Tmin, and the DC voltage of the system (VDC)
must be determined.
Once these factors are made available we move to the sizing process.
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Manufacturer: MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC.
Model name: PV-MF180UD4.
Cell type: Poly-crystalline Silicon.
Number of cells: 50 cells.
Maximum power rating STC (Pmax): 180 watts.
Open circuit voltage (Voc): 30.4V.
Short circuit current (Isc): 8.03A
Maximum power voltage (Vmp): 24.2V.
Maximum power current (Imp): 7.45A.
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Sizing of the Battery Bank
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Sizing of the Voltage Controller
39 I=Isc*Np*Fsafe =8.03*8*1.25=80.3Amps
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Sizing and Selecting of The Inverter
When sizing the inverter, the actual power drawn from the
appliances that will run at the same time must be determined as
a first step. The power of devices that may run at the same time
is:
PTotal= 2,595Watt.
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Block diagram of the all system of PV
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Equipment Power Usage Daily load (kWh)
3 light 100W each 3hr/day 0.9
2 light 60W each 2hr/day 0.24
Fridge 150W 10hr/day 1.5
Freezer 150W 10hr/day 1.5
Iron 1000W 1hr/day 1.00
TV 60W 4hr/day 0.24
Washing machine 2.2cycles Twice a week 0.63
Dish washer 1.9kWh/cycle Once a day 1.9
Total daily load 7.91
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Top countries by cumulative solar PV
capacity in 2019
China: 204,700 MW (32.6%)
United States: 75,900 MW (12.1%)
Japan: 63,000 MW (10.0%)
Germany: 49,200 MW (7.8%)
India: 42,800 MW (6.8%)
Italy: 20,800 MW (3.3%)
Australia: 14,600 MW (2.3%)
United Kingdom: 13,300 MW (2.1%)
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