Chapter 5

y
Let’s start simple… 4
What is the equation of

this line? 3
And more importantly,

2
why is it that?
1
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-2
-3
𝑥=2
?
-4
For any point we pick on the
line, the value is always 2.
Chapter 5.1: y = mx + c
We can substitute the values of a coordinate into our equation whenever we
know the point lies on the line.
The point lies on the line with equation . Determine the value of .
Substituting in and value:

?
Find the coordinate of the point where the line cuts the -axis.
On the -axis, . Substituting:
?
06/09/2022
Chapter 5:
Straight line graphs
Chapter 5.1: Gradient of a line
The steepness of a line is known as the gradient.
It tells us what changes by as increases by 1.
So if the value increased by 6 as the value
increased by 2, what is increasing by for
each unit increase of ?
How would that give us a suitable formula
for the gradient ?
𝑚 Δ𝑦
𝑚= ?
Δ𝑥
1
is the (capital) Greek letter “delta”
and means “change in”.
We can substitute the values of a coordinate into our equation whenever we
know the point lies on the line.
The point lies on the line with equation . Determine the value of .
Find the coordinate of the point where the line cuts the -axis.
Determine where the line crosses the:
a) -axis: Let .
?
b) -axis: Let
What mistakes do you think it’s easy to make?

• Mixing up /: Putting answer as rather than .
• Setting to find the -intercept, or to?find the -intercept.
Find the gradient of the line that goes through the points:
( 1 , 4 ) (3 , 10)
1
( 5 , 7 ) (8 , 1 )
2
3 ( 2 , 2 ) (− 1 , 10)
4 Show that the points all lie on a straight line.
Find the gradient of the line that goes through the points:
( 1 , 4 ) (3 , 10)
1
𝑚= ?3
( 5 , 7 ) (8 , 1 )
2 𝑚= −2
?
8
3 ( 2 , 2 ) (− 1 , 10) 𝑚= −?
3
4 Show that the points all lie on a straight line.
Gradients the same ‘collinear’.

? If points are
‘collinear’ they lie
on the same line.
The line joining to has gradient -1. Work out the value of .
𝑎−−5
=−1 ?
4−2
Chapter 5.2: Equation of a straight line
One form we can put a straight line equation in is:
Gradient -intercept
Why does it work?

• The -intercept by definition is the value when .
Substituting:
as expected.
• By the definition of gradient,
? if we increase by 1, should
increase by :
which indeed has increased by .

Chapter 5.2: Equation of a straight line 29/10/2019
Determine the gradient and -intercept of the line with equation

Chapter 5.2: Equation of a straight line 29/10/2019
Determine the gradient and -intercept of the line with equation
Make the subject so

we have the form
Put on the side it’s

positive.
Divide each term by 3;

don’t write otherwise
? it’s not in the form
This is algebra, so use

improper fractions,
and not mixed
numbers or recurring
decimals.
At GCSE, was the main form you would express a straight line equation,
sometimes known as the ‘slope-intercept form’.
But another common form is , where are integers. This is known as the
‘standard’ form.
Express in the form , where are integers.
We’ll see on the next slide WHY we might want to

put an equation in this form over …
Express in the form , where are integers.
5 𝑦 =2?𝑥 +3
Exercise 5A
Pages 90 - 91
Exercise 5B
Pages 92 - 93
Chapter 5:
Find the equation of the line that goes through and has gradient 2.
How would you have done this at GCSE?

𝑦
Suppose that is some fixed point on the
line that we specify (e.g. ).
( 𝑥, 𝑦 ) Suppose that represents a generic point
on the line, which is allowed to change as
( 𝑥1 , 𝑦 1 ) we consider different points on this line.
Then:
Notes: Note that and are constants while

𝑥
and are variables. The latter are variables ?
because as these ‘vary’, we get different Thus:
points on the line.
! The equation of a line that has gradient

and passes through a point is:
Find the equation of the line that goes through and has gradient 2.
How would you do this?

In a nutshell: You can use this formula whenever you have (a) a gradient
and (b) any point on the line.
Gradient Point (Unsimplified) Equation
?
?
?
?
?
Side Note: Many students shun this formula and just use the GCSE method. Please persist
with it – it’ll be much easier when fractions are involved.
Find the equation of the line that goes Test Your Understanding:
through and , giving your equation in Find the equation of the line that goes
the form through and , giving your equation in
. the form
.
Find the equation of the line that goes Test Your Understanding:
through and , giving your equation in Find the equation of the line that goes
the form through and , giving your equation in
. the form
.
We need to work out the gradient first

before we can use :
Using :
Using (we could have also used ):

? ?
𝑦 The diagram shows two lines with
equations and , which intersect at
𝑦 =3 𝑥 the point .
a) Determine the coordinates of .

𝑃
𝑥+2 𝑦 = 4 b) The line intersects the -axis at the

point . Determine the coordinate of .
𝑥
𝑂 𝑄
C1 Edexcel May 2013 Q6
y
1 1
𝑚= ? 3 𝑚=− ?
2 3
2
𝒃
1
𝒂
𝑚=3?
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝒂
-1
𝑚=−2?
-2
𝒃 Find the gradients of
Using the changes above, we can see the -3 each pair of
gradient of one line is and the other . One is the perpendicular lines.
‘negative reciprocal’ of the other. -4 What do you notice?
Chapter 5.3: Parallel and perpendicular lines
The gradients of parallel lines are equal.
! If two lines are perpendicular, then the gradient of one is the negative
reciprocal of the other.
To show that two lines are perpendicular:
Gradient Gradient of Perpendicular Line
?
?-4
?
?
?
?
1 Are the following lines parallel, perpendicular, or neither?
Neither. Gradients are and . But , not -1, so not perpendicular.

?
A line goes through the points and . A second line is perpendicular to and
passes through point B. Where does cross the x-axis?
2
? is perpendicular to another line with

A line is goes through the point (9,10) and
equation . What is the equation of the line?
3
?
2 A line goes through the points and . A second line is perpendicular to and
passes through point B. Where does cross the x-axis?
?
3 A line is goes through the point (9,10) and is perpendicular to another line with
equation . What is the equation of the line?
?
1 A line goes through the point 2 Determine the point .

(4,7) and is perpendicular to 𝑦
another line with equation .
What is the equation of the
line? Put your answer in the
form , where are integers. 𝐴
𝑦=
− 1
2 𝑥+
4
?
𝑥
Equation of other line:
?
1 A line goes through the point

(4,7) and is perpendicular to
another line with equation .
What is the equation of the
line? Put your answer in the
form , where are integers.
?
2 Determine the point .

𝑦
𝐴
𝑦=
− 1
2 𝑥+
4
𝑥
Equation of other line:
?
The diagram shows two lines with
𝑦 equations and , which intersect at
the point .
𝑦 =3 𝑥
𝑃 We know from Chapter 3 we can
just solve two equations
simultaneously.
𝑥+2 𝑦 = 4
?
𝑥
𝑂 𝑄
b) The line intersects the -axis at the
point . Determine the coordinate of .
When
Area
?
C1 Edexcel May 2013 Q6
?
Exercise 5C
Pages 94 - 95
Exercise 5D
Pages 96
Chapter 5:
Exercise 5E
Pages 97
Exercise 5F
Pages 99-100
Chapter 5.4: Length and area
Chapter 5:
Recall: (said ‘delta’) means “change in”.
How could we find the
(5,9) distance between these two
points?
?
5 ?
Hint: Pythagoras
Δ 𝑦=3? Form a right-angled triangle

using the change in and
? use
change in , then
Pythagoras.
(1,6) Δ 𝑥=4?
! Distance between two points:

Distance between:
and ?
and
and
? Note: Unlike with gradient, we
? don’t care if the difference is
positive or negative (it’s being
squared to make it positive
anyway!)
Quickfire Questions:
Distance between:
and ?
and
and
?
?
The diagram shows two lines with
𝑦 equations and , which intersect at
the point .
𝑦 =3 𝑥
𝑃 (We did this in a previous lesson)

Just solve two equations
simultaneously.
𝑥+2 𝑦 = 4
b) The line intersects the -axis at the
point . Determine the area of the
𝑥 triangle .
𝑂 𝑄 When
Area
?
Chapter 5.4: Length and area 05/11/2019
a Determine the length of .

𝑦
2 𝑦 =𝑥 + 4
When
𝑅
𝑃 Distance :
?
𝑄
𝑥+ 𝑦 =8
𝑥
𝑂
Tip: When finding areas of b Determine the area .

triangles in exam questions, one
line is often vertical or horizontal.
Use as the base:
You should generally choose this
to be the ‘base’ of your triangle.
?
Chapter 5.4: Length and area 05/11/2019
a
𝑦
2 𝑦 =𝑥 + 4
𝑅
𝑃
𝑄
𝑥+ 𝑦 =8
𝑥
𝑂
Tip: When finding areas of b

triangles in exam questions, one
line is often vertical or horizontal.
You should generally choose this
to be the ‘base’ of your triangle.
Chapter 5.4: Length and area a) Determine the coordinate of .
b) Determine the area of .
c) Determine the length .
𝑦
𝑄 2 𝑦 + 𝑥=12 𝑦 =𝑥 −3
𝑂 𝑥
𝑅
𝑦
a) Determine the coordinate of .
𝑄 2 𝑦 + 𝑥=12 𝑦 =𝑥 −3
?
b) Determine the area of .
𝑃
c) Determine the length .
?
𝑂 𝑥
?
𝑅
Exercise 5G
Pages 102-103
Chapter 5.5: Modelling with straight lines
Chapter 5:
We saw in Chapter 2 that lots of things in real life have a ‘quadratic’ relationship, e.g.
vertical height with time. Lots of real life variables have a ‘linear’ relationship, i.e.
there is a fixed increase/decrease in one variable each time the other variable goes
up by 1 unit.
Examples The relationship

between Celsius and
Car sales made and take
Fahrenheit.
home pay.
Temperature and
altitude (in a particular
location) (And a pure maths one:)
The th term of an
arithmetic series.
3, 5, 8, 11, 14, …
𝑦
100 A mathematical model is
an attempt to model a
A Level Maths Mark
80 real-life situation based on

mathematical concepts.
60
40 For this example, our model might
be a linear model with equation
20 where is a student’s GCSE mark
𝑥 and is the predicted A Level mark.
20 40 60 80 100
GCSE Maths mark
Such a linear model can be drawn as a line But if we choose a well-known model such as a
of best fit. linear one, then we can use established
The data obviously doesn’t fit this line mathematical theory in useful ways:
exactly. This chosen model may only • We need to choose the most appropriate
partially fit the data (and the further the ‘parameters’ and so the model best matches
points are away from the line, the less the data. You will learn in S1 there are
suitable this model is). existing techniques to do this.
We might decide another model, e.g. • We can then predict a student’s A Level mark
, is more appropriate. based on their maths mark.
𝑦
100
80
Temperature
60
40
20
𝑥
50 100 150 200 250
Altitude (m)
The temperature at different points on a mountain is recorded at different altitudes .
Suppose we were to use a linear model .
a Determine and (you can assume the line goes through and .
Interpret the meaning of and in this context. ?

b The temperature at sea level is . The temperature goes down for each extra metre in
altitude.
Predict at what altitude the temperature reaches . ?
c
?
Choosing a model for our data usually involves making simplifying

assumptions. For a linear model we are assuming:
The value goes up the same amount for each unit increase in .
The current population of Snowdonia is 26000. This year (2017) the population
increased by 150. Matt decides to model the population based on the years
after 2017 by the linear model:
Why might this not be a suitable model?
The population is unlikely to increase by the same amount each year.
i.e. the assumption
?
Note: Population tends to grow/decline by a percentage each year. of a linear model is
Therefore a better model would be an exponential function violated.
where are constants. The would be the initial population and the
the factor increase each year, e.g. would be a 10% annual growth.
Exercise 5H
Pages 106 – 108
And Mixed Exercise

Pages 108 – 111

Chapter 5

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y

Let’s start simple… 4

What is the equation of

And more importantly,

Substituting in and value:

On the -axis, . Substituting:

Determine where the line crosses the:

What mistakes do you think it’s easy to make?

Gradients the same ‘collinear’.

One form we can put a straight line equation in is:

Why does it work?

which indeed has increased by .

Determine the gradient and -intercept of the line with equation

Determine the gradient and -intercept of the line with equation

Make the subject so

Put on the side it’s

Divide each term by 3;

This is algebra, so use

Express in the form , where are integers.

We’ll see on the next slide WHY we might want to

Express in the form , where are integers.

How would you have done this at GCSE?

Notes: Note that and are constants while

! The equation of a line that has gradient

How would you do this?

Gradient Point (Unsimplified) Equation

We need to work out the gradient first

Using (we could have also used ):

a) Determine the coordinates of .

𝑥+2 𝑦 = 4 b) The line intersects the -axis at the

To show that two lines are perpendicular:

Gradient Gradient of Perpendicular Line

1 Are the following lines parallel, perpendicular, or neither?

Neither. Gradients are and . But , not -1, so not perpendicular.

? is perpendicular to another line with

1 A line goes through the point 2 Determine the point .

1 A line goes through the point

2 Determine the point .

C1 Edexcel May 2013 Q6

Δ 𝑦=3? Form a right-angled triangle

! Distance between two points:

𝑃 (We did this in a previous lesson)

a Determine the length of .

Tip: When finding areas of b Determine the area .

Tip: When finding areas of b

Examples The relationship

80 real-life situation based on

Interpret the meaning of and in this context. ?

Choosing a model for our data usually involves making simplifying

Why might this not be a suitable model?

The population is unlikely to increase by the same amount each year.

i.e. the assumption

And Mixed Exercise

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