CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES

FIRST, YOU NEED TO KNOW WHAT IS A

PHOTODETECTOR.

• Photodetectors convert incident radiation to an electrical signal

such as a voltage or current.
• Some examples of photodetectors are photoconductors,
photodiodes and pyroelectric detectors
FIRST, YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT IMAGE
SENSORS.
• An image sensor, is an integrated circuit chip made up of an array of photosensitive
elements, that can capture an image and provide an output in the form of an electrical signal
such as current, charge, or voltage.
• The output is usually put through a multiplexer and an analog-to-digital converter to obtain
a digital form of the image.
• The sensor usually consists of an array of elements, called pixels (pixel from “picture
element”), in N rows and M columns, where each element or pixel has a detector and can
provide an electrical signal that is proportional to the light intensity received at this pixel.
THAT’S HOW AN IMAGE IS CAPTURED.
THERE ARE TWO MAJOR SOLID-STATE
TECHNOLOGIES

Charged Coupled Complimentary metal oxide

Device(CCD) semiconductor(CMOS)
SOME BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THEM:

• CMOS refers to the technology that is used to fabricate the sensor.

• In the CCD technology, the incident light at a pixel generates a charge that is
stored in the CCD pixel (called a well) at this location this charge (signal) is
read out by a sequential clocking mechanism, a characteristic of the CCD
operation, to shift the charges to an eventual shift register for read-out.
TODAY WE WILL FOCUS ON CHARGE
COUPLED DEVICES.

• Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are commonly used as image sensors in

professional and consumer television cameras and camcorders, and as image
sensors in digital still cameras.
• The term CCD in general does not imply an image sensor but a chip that is
able to store and transfer signals in the form of charge.
MORE FOCUS….

• The CCD chips are integrated chips(ICs) from crystalline silicon and have
many pixels(i.e. a detecting element).
• Order can be of 2.5cm×2.5cm or 1024×1024 pixels and many more
combinations.
• These pixel structures are MOS(metal-oxide-semiconductor) and MIS(metal-
insulator-semiconductor).
HAVE A LOOK
SOME WORKING OF IT.