...

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND

LITERATURE REVIEW
... 1. Backgroud of the
Study
The background of a study is the first section of the paper and establishes the
context underlying the research. It contains the rationale, the key problem
statement, and a brief overview of the research questions that are addressed
in the rest of the paper.

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Example:

Presentation by Timmerman University | 2023

Example:

Presentation by Timmerman University | 2023

... 2. Literature Review
• A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and
sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period.
• A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. The
literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a
particular area of research. The review should enumerate, describe, summarize,
objectively evaluate and clarify this previous research.
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Literary Review

01 Local Literature 03 Local Studies

02 Foreign Literature 04 Foreign Studies

Presentation by Estelle Darcy Timmerman University | 2023

 Conceptual
Framework
The researcher’s understanding/hypothesis/exploration of
either an existing framework/model or how existing concepts
come together to inform a particular problem. Shows the reader
how different elements come together to facilitate research and
a clear understanding of results.
Example:
...
Theoretical Framework
A theoretical framework is a
It presents the theoretical basis of
foundational review of existing
the study which may be an
theories that serves as a
established learning, principle of
roadmap for developing the
the theory.
arguments you will use in your
own work.
Example :
This study was operated on the selected theory related to reading to strengthen
its concerns and claims. The theory considered was Paivio’s (1971) Dual
Decoding Theory. Paivio’s Dual Decoding Theory explained how images help
and promote comprehension in the reading process. It emphasized that readers’
mental representations, whether verbal (speech or writing) or nonverbal
(images of items felt, such as pictures of actual objects), are internal sources of
memory that could be remembered while reading and writing. The formation of
mental representations, according to this theory, aids learning. Two approaches
can expand on learned material. These are accomplished by the use of symbolic
imagery and verbal comparisons. In terms of reading comprehension, the
theory gives equal weight to both verbal and non-verbal processing.
Example :
Human cognition is unique in that it has developed to communicate with both language
and nonverbal stimuli and experiences simultaneously. Visual and verbal information is
processed in separate channels in the human mind, resulting in distinct interpretations
with data processed in each medium. The mental codes associated with these
representations were used to arrange incoming data to be worked on, stored, and
retrieved for later use. There were three forms of processing in this theory:
representational, referential, and associative. The direct activation of verbal or nonverbal
representations is known as representational processing. On the other hand, referential
processing is the stimulation of the vocal system by the nonverbal system or vice versa.
Finally, associative learning occurs as perceptions within the same verbal or nonverbal
structure are enabled. It is also related to mnemonics, problem-solving, concept
processing, language acquisition, and reading comprehension, among other cognitive
phenomena.