Chemsheets GCSE 1244 Polymers

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POLYMERS
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17

WHAT ARE POLYMERS? (MACROMOLECULES)
• Very long molecules

• Thermosoftening polymers
• Covalent bonds within chains
• Chains not joined together (but
often tangled up)
WHAT ARE POLYMERS? (MACROMOLECULES)
monomer polymer

Some definitions
Polymer
long chain molecule made from lots of small
molecules joined together
Monomer
small molecules that join together to make polymers

POLYMERS
Addition Condensation
polymers polymers

Some definitions
Addition Polymerisation
formation of long chain molecules from lots of small
molecules joining together with no other products
Condensation Polymerisation
molecules joining together with another small
molecule (e.g. water) produced as well

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ADDITION
POLYMERS
H H H H H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H
C C
H H n

H H H H
n C C C C
H H H H n
ethene poly(ethene)
polythene

poly(ethene)
polythene
H H H H H H
C C C C C C
H H H H n H H n
monomer polymer repeating

structure structure unit

H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
H CH3
C C
H H n

H CH3 H CH3
n C C C C
n
H H H H
propene poly(propene)

Polypropene
Poly(propene)
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
C C C C C C
n n
H H H H H H


H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5
H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5
H C6H5
C C
H H n

H C6H5 H C6H5
n C C C C
H H H H n
phenylethene poly(phenylethene)
polystyrene

Polystyrene
Poly(phenylethene)
polystyrene
H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5
C C C C C C
H H H H n H H n


H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl
H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl
H Cl
C C
H H n

H Cl H Cl
n C C C C
n
H H H H
chloroethene poly(chloroethene)
PVC

PVC
Poly(chloroethene)
PVC
H Cl H Cl H Cl
C C C C C C
n n
H H H H H H


F F F F F F F F F F F F
F F
C C
F F n

F F F F
n C C C C
n
F F F F
tetrafluoroethene poly(tetrafluoroethene)
PTFE / Teflon

PTFE / Teflon
Poly(tetrafluoroethene)
Teflon
F F F F F F
C C C C C C
n n
F F F F F F


H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
H CN H CN H CN H CN H CN H CN
H CN H CN H CN H CN H CN H CN
H COOCH3
C C
H CN n

H COOCH3 H COOCH3
n C C C C
n
H CN H CN
methyl 2-cyanopropenoate poly(methyl 2-cyanopropenoate)
superglue

superglue
poly(methyl 2-cyanopropenoate)
superglue
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C
n n
H CN H CN H CN


H COOCH3
C C
H CH3 n

H COOCH3 H COOCH3
n C C C C
n
H CH3 H CH3
methyl 2-propenoate poly(methyl 2-propenoate )
perspex

perspex
poly(methyl 2-propenoate )
Perspex
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C
n n
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3


CONDENSATION
POLYMERS
Some definitions
Addition Polymerisation
molecules joining together with no other products
Condensation Polymerisation
molecules joining together with another small
molecule (e.g. water) produced as well

POLYESTERS

dicarboxylic acid diol
O O
H O C C O H H O O H
–H2O
O O
HO C C O OH
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Dicarboxylic acid + diol
Polyesters
O O – H2O O O
H O C C O H H O O H H O C C O H H O O H
–H2O
O O O O
C C O O C C O O
O O O O
C C O O C C O O
n
repeating unit polymer structure

Polyesters
monomers
polymer – repeating unit
polymer – structure

Polyesters
e.g. terylene (PET)
ethane-1,2-diol
HO C H2 C H2 OH
O O
benzene-1,4-
dicarboxylic acid HO C C OH
O O
repeating unit
C C O C H2 C H2 O
O O
polymer structure
C C O C H2 C H2 O
n
e.g. terylene
(PET)
POLYAMIDES

dicarboxylic acid diamine
O O
H O C C O H H N N H
H H
–H2O
O O
HO C C N N H
H H

Dicarboxylic acid + diamine Polyamides
O O O O
H O C C O H H N N H H O C C O H H N N H
H H H H
–H2O
O O O O
C C N N C C N N
H H H H
O O O
O
C C N N C C N N
H H H H
n
repeating unit polymer structure

Polyamides
monomers

Polyamides
e.g. nylon-6,6
1,6-diaminohexane H 2N C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 NH2
O O
hexane-1,6-dioic
acid HO C C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C OH
O O
repeating unit
C C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C HN C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 NH
O O
polymer structure
n

Polyamides
e.g. nylon-6,6
1,6-diaminohexane H 2N C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 NH2
O O
hexane-1,6-dioic
acid HO C C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C OH
O O
repeating unit
O O
polymer structure
n

e.g. nylon
Polyamides
e.g. Kevlar
1,4-diaminobenzene H 2N NH2
O O
benzene-1,4-
dicarboxylic acid HO C C OH
O O
repeating unit
C C HN NH
O O
polymer structure
C C HN NH
n

e.g. Kevlar
Amino acids Polyamides
POLYMER
MONOMER
repeating unit
contains both acid

+ amine group
polymer structure
EXAMPLE 1
monomers

EXAMPLE 2
monomers

EXAMPLE 3
monomers

EXAMPLE 4
monomers

EXAMPLE 5
monomer

EXAMPLE 6
monomers

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© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17

• Very long molecules

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17

monomer polymer repeating

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H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3

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© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17

H CH3 H CH3 H CH3

monomer polymer repeating

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H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5

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H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5

monomer polymer repeating

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© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17

monomer polymer repeating

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monomer polymer repeating

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H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3

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methyl 2-cyanopropenoate poly(methyl 2-cyanopropenoate)

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H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3

monomer polymer repeating

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H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3

H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3

H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3

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methyl 2-propenoate poly(methyl 2-propenoate )

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H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3

monomer polymer repeating

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© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17

© www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1095 17-Jul-16

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17

polymer – repeating unit

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repeating unit polymer structure

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polymer – repeating unit

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contains both acid

polymer – repeating unit