Chapter 8

Advanced SQL- Part II

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 Learning Objectives
 In this chapter, you will learn:
 How to use SQL functions to manipulate dates, strings,
and other data
 Grouping Data
 subqueries

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Functions
 Reminder: Listing Table Rows
SELECT: Command to list the contents

• Syntax - SELECT columnlist FROM tablename;

• Wildcard character(*): Substitute for other

characters/command
• Columnlist represents one or more attributes, separated
by commas
• Asterisk can be used as wildcard character to list all
attributes

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 SQL Functions
 Functions always use a numerical, date, or string
value
 Value may be part of a command or may be an
attribute located in a table
 Function may appear anywhere in an SQL statement
where a value or an attribute can be used

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 SQL Functions

Date and time functions

Numeric functions

String functions

Conversion functions

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 Aggregate Functions
 SQL provides useful aggregate functions that:
 Count
 Find minimum and maximum values
 Calculate averages

 [Oxford Dictionary] Aggregate: formed or calculated by the

combination of many separate units or items; total.

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Table 7.8 - Some Basic SQL Aggregate
Functions

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WRONG:

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©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
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 Grouping Data
 Frequency distributions created by GROUP BY
clause within SELECT statement
 Syntax - SELECT columnlist
FROM tablelist
[WHERE conditionlist]
[GROUP BY columnlist]
[HAVING conditionlist]
[ORDER BY columnlist [ASC | DESC]];

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certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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 HAVING Clause
 Extension of GROUP BY feature
 Applied to output of GROUP BY operation
 Used in conjunction with GROUP BY clause in
second SQL command set
 Similar to WHERE clause in SELECT statement

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certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
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Subqueries
 Subqueries and Correlated Queries
 Subquery is a query inside another query
 Subquery can return:
 One single value - One column and one row
 A list of values - One column and multiple rows
 A virtual table - Multicolumn, multirow set of values
 No value - Output of the outer query might result in an
error or a null empty set

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 WHERE Subqueries
 Uses inner SELECT subquery on the right side of a
WHERE comparison expression
 Value generated by the subquery must be of a
comparable data type
 If the query returns more than a single value, the
DBMS will generate an error
 Can be used in combination with joins

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 IN and HAVING Subqueries
 IN subqueries
 Used to compare a single attribute to a list of values
 HAVING subqueries
 HAVING clause restricts the output of a GROUP BY
query by applying conditional criteria to the grouped
rows

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 Multirow Subquery Operators:
ANY and ALL
 ALL operator
 Allows comparison of a single value with a list of
values returned by the first subquery
 Uses a comparison operator other than equals
 ANY operator
 Allows comparison of a single value to a list of values
and selects only the rows for which the value is greater
than or less than any value in the list

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 FROM and Attribute List Subqueries
 FROM clause:
 Specifies the tables from which the data will be drawn
 Can use SELECT subquery
 SELECT statement uses attribute list to indicate what
columns to project in the resulting set
 Inline subquery
 Subquery expression included in the attribute list that must
return one value
 Column alias cannot be used in attribute list computation
if alias is defined in the same attribute list

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 Correlated Subqueries
 Executes once for each row in the outer query
 Inner query references a column of the outer
subquery
 Can be used with the EXISTS special operator

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