Chapter2 WholeNosFractionsMixedNos

Chapter 2 Whole Numbers, Fractions
and Mixed Numbers
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide

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ROUNDING WHOLE NUMBERS
Rules:
(1)If the number to the right of the place you are
rounding is less than 5, round to the lower multiple.
(2)If the number to the right of the place you are
rounding is 5 or greater, round to the higher
multiple.
Examples: Round to the nearest ten thousand.
(1)46, 200 (40,000 or 50,000)
(2)43,200 (40,000 0r 50,000)
(3)45,200 (40,000 or 50,000)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1- Slide

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Rounding Worksheet
Round the following numbers to the accuracy of the underlined digit.
For example, 5678 means you round to the nearest ten.
1a. 35,681 1b. 5541 1c. 78,616
2a. 20,882 2b. 91,356 2c. 91,682,353
3a. 875,024 3b. 7658 3c. 9,063,632

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A. Review of Fundamental Operations in Mathematics with
Whole Numbers
1)Addition—finding the total of two or more numbers
 Words or phrases in English that indicate the operations of addition:
 Added to
 More than
 The sum
 Increased by
 The total of
 Plus
Principles of Addition:
(a) Commutative Principle—this principle states that in doing addition the arrangement of the
addends does not affect the sum; addends may be arranged horizontally or vertically.
Example: a + b = b + a 122 + 100 = 100 + 122 = 222
(b) Associative Principle—when three or more addends are added, the order of grouping them does
not affect their sums
Examples: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (46 + 75) + 98 = 46 + (75 + 98) = 219
(c) Identity Number for Addition—adding 0 to a number does not change the number. Therefore, 0
is called the identity number for addition
Examples: a + 0 = a 5+ 0 = 5 and 0 + 16 = 16
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2) Subtraction—finding the difference between two
numbers
Words or phrases in English that indicate the operations of
subtraction:
 Minus
 Less
 Less than
 The difference between
 Decreased by
Principle of Subtraction:
(a) Identity number for subtraction—subtracting 0 from a
number does not change that number. Therefore, zero
(0) is called the identity number, for subtraction.
Example: 2,500 – 0 = 2,500

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3) Multiplication—is the mathematical
operation of scaling one number by another.
It is one of the four basic operations in
elementary arithmetic
Words or phrases in English that indicate the
operations of multiplication:
 The product
 Times
 Multiplied

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Principles of Multiplication
a) Commutative Principle of Multiplication—the order
in which the multiplier and the multiplicand is
arranged does not affect the product
Example: a . b = b . a 15 x 5 = 5 x 15 = 75
b) Associative Principle of Multiplication—only two

numbers can be multiplied at a time; when two or
more numbers are to be multiplied, the order of
grouping them does not affect the product
Example:
(a . b) . c = a . (b . c) (2.3) . = 2. (3.8) = 48

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c) Distributive Property
Example:
a . (b + c) = (a . b) + (a . c); left hand distributive property
(b + c) . a = (b . a) + (c . a); right hand distributive property
3 . (4 + 5) = (3 . 4) + (3 .5) = 12 + 15 = 27
(4 + 5) . 3 = (4 .3) + (5 . 3) = 12 + 15 = 27
d) Identity number for Multiplication—a number is not changed

when multiplied by 1; thus, 1 is the identity number for
multiplication
Example: a . 1 = a 5x1=5
e) Zero Principle of Multiplication—any number multiplied by 0,

the product is always 0.
Example: a . 0 = 0.a = 0 35,209 x 0 = 0

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4) Division—used to separate objects into equal groups
Principles of Division
a) Identity number for division—dividing a number by 1 does not

change the number; therefore, 1 is the identity number for
division
Example: a ÷ 1 = a 16 ÷ 1 = 16
b) Zero (0) can never be used as a divisor
Example: 25 ÷ 0 = error
c) When a number (not zero) is divided by itself, the quotient is
1.
Example: 125 ÷ 125 = 1
d) When zero (0) is divided by a number (not zero), the
quotient is zero (0).
Example: 0÷6=0
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Example 1
Simplifying Expressions
Identify the exponent and the base and then

simplify each expression.
a. 35
Exponent
Base 3 5
35 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 243
b. 73
73 = 7 × 7 × 7 = 343
The base is 7 and the exponent is 3.

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Example:
How to read:
6 = 61 = six to the first power
6.6 = 62 = six to the second power
6.6.6 = 63 = six to the third power
6.6.6.6 = 64 = six to the fourth power
6.6.6.6.6 = 65 = six to the fifth power …

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Example 2
Using Perfect Squares
Find each square root.
a. 64 =8
b. 121 = 11
c. 196 = 14

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Exercises:
A.Write the following in
exponential notation.

1)3.3.3.5.5 =
2) 2.2.2.2.3.3.3=
3)8.8.10.12.12.12=
4)1.1.1.5.7.7.7=
5)6.8.8.9.9.9.11.11=

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Exercise:
B. Simplify the following
exponential notation.

1)33 . 52 =
2)24 . 33 =
3)82 . 10.123 =
4)13 .5. 73 =
5)6.82.93.112 =

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Example 3
Understanding the Order of
Operations
Use the order of operations to simplify each
expression.
a. 62 + 9 + 7 b. 8 + (42 – 19) ∙ 4
6∙6 +9+7 8+ 23 ∙4
36 + 9 + 7 8+ 92 = 100
45 + 7 = 52

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Example 4
Understanding the Order of
Operations
Use the order of operations to simplify each
expression.
0
a. 3 ∙ 2 + (8 + 6) ∙ 2
2 2
b. 5  49  8  4 
9
32 ∙ 22 + 14 ∙ 2 0
57  84 
9
9 ∙ 4 + 14 ∙ 2 0
35  32 
36 + 28 = 64 9
35  32  0 = 3

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Examples:
1) 5 + 8 ÷ 2 =
2) 33 – 4 =
3) 14  22 ÷ 2.3 =
2
4) 3. (6 −2) + 4 =
5) 12 + 6 − 4 x 2 =

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Exercises:
1) 49 + 12 x 3 − 31 =
2) 2 x 5 − 7 + ( 4 + 7) x 3 =
3) (12 + 6)/3 =
4) (22 − 15) x (4 + 6) =
5) (24 −14)/ (5 − 3) =
6) 6 x 3 +4 – 5 +8/4 =
21
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7) (6/2) x 3 =
8) 3 x ( 2 + 1) − 22 + 4 ÷ 2 =
9) (64 ÷ ( 8 − 4 )2) x 9 − 52
10) 5 x ((8−4)x2 ÷ 4) − 2 =

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Prime Numbers and Factoring
A. To factor numbers—whole number factors of a number divide that number evenly
Example:
a. Find all the factors of 6
b. Find all the factors of 42
c. Find all the factors of 30
d. Find all the factors of 40
e. Find all the factors of 52
Note:
The following rules are helpful in finding the factors of a number.
a. 2 is a factor of a number if the last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8

Example: 436 = 436 ÷ 2 = 218
b. 3 is a factor of a number if the sum of the digits of the number is divisible

by 3.
Example: the sum of the digits of 489 is 4 + 8 + 9 = 21 and it is divisible by 3
c. 4 is a factor when the two right-hand digits are divisible by 4.

Example: 5724 ÷ 4 = 1431, 24 is divisible by 4
d. 5 is a factor of a number if the last digit of the number is 0 or 5.

Example: 520 ends in 0 ( 520 ÷ 5 = 104).
e. 9 is a factor when the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.

Example: 2754 ÷ 9 = 306, where 2 + 7 + 5 + 4 = 18

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B. To find the prime factorization of a number
 Prime number—a number in which the only whole-number factors are 1 and
itself
Example: 7 = factors are 1 and 7; 2 = the factors are 2 and 1
 Composite number- not a prime number
Example: 6 = the factor are 2 and 3
What is prime factorization?

Prime factorization of a number is the expression of the number as a product of
its prime factors.
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Exercises: Find the prime factorization of the fol owing:
1) 44
2) 106
3) 177
4) 201
5) 160
6) 201
25
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Fundamental Operations with Fractions
A. What is a fraction?
A fraction is a presentation of dividing a number into parts. It can represent the
number of equal parts of a whole.
Two parts of a Fraction:

a. Numerator
b. Denominator
Forms of Fraction
a) Proper Fraction – fraction less than 1

Examples: 3/4 , 1/5, 4/7 8/9
b) Improper Fraction—fractions greater than or equal to 1;

Examples: 9/4, 6/5, 4/3, 8/7, 10/6
c) Mixed Numbers—fractions formed by the combination of proper fraction and a

whole number
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B. Writing Equivalent Fractions (Raising Fractions to higher Terms)
 Equivalent fractions—equal fractions with different denominators
Example:
a. 4/6 is equivalent to 2/3
b. 8/12 is equivalent to 2/3

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Exercises: Write the equivalent fraction with the given denominator (raise the
following fractions to higher terms).
2 ?
1) = 28
3 42
?
2) 4 =
12 48
3 ?
3) =
5 45 27
?
4) 6 = 106
18
5 ?
5) =
13 169 65
3 ?
6)  156
8 408

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C. Reducing fractions to lowest terms
--a fraction is in simplest form when there are
no common factors in the numerator and the
denominator
Note: Divide both numerator and denominator
by the same number which is the highest
common factor (HCF). The value of a fraction
is not changed when both terms are divided by
a common number.

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Exercises: Write the following fractions in simplest form.
15 3.5 3 4
1) = = 6) =
40 2.2.2.5 8 6
6 22
2) = 7) =
42 6
8 16
3) = 8) =
9 24
30 8
4) = 9) =
12 56
18 15
5) = 10) =
30 32

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D. Changing Improper fractions to whole or mixed numbers
--divide the numerator by the denominator, with the remainder written as a proper
fraction and annexed to the quotient
Examples:
14
7 97
1) 2 4) =
25
154 121
2)  5) =
12 12
20 69
3)  6) =
3 9

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E. Changing Mixed numbers to Improper Fractions
--multiply the whole number by the denominator of the fraction, add the product to
the numerator, and write the result over the denominator'
Exercises:
1 (4 x9)  1 36  1 37
1) 9  = 
4 4 4 4
3
2) 14 
4
2
3) 4 
7
5
33 
4) 6
1
5) 7 
8

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Addition of Fractions
A.1 Addition of Similar Fractions
 Add the numerators and write the sum over the common denominator
Example:
3 4 5 12 5
1)    or1
7 7 7 7 7
A.2 Addition of Dissimilar Fractions

 Changed first into similar fractions by replacing their denominators with the
Least Common Denominator (LCD); the resulting similar fractions are then
added
 The LCD of two fractions is the smallest positive number that is divisible by
both denominators.
Examples:
1 3 1 6 7
1)   
8 4 8 8
7 13 4
2)   
8 15 5
7 3
3) Find more than .
12 8
2 3 5
4) Add:  
3 5 6

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A.3 Addition of Whole Numbers, mixed numbers and fractions
 First, change the mixed numbers into improper fractions, then add. Add the
whole numbers and add the fractions separately. Then add the sum of the
whole numbers to the sum of the fractions.
Examples:
1 1
1) 4  12
3 2
Solutions:
13 25 26  75 101 5
a)    or16
3 2 6 6 6
or
23 5
b) 16   16
6 6
2 5
2) 2 
3 6
14 4
3) What is 6
added to 5 ?
15 9
2 5 7
4) Add: 5  11  12
3 6 9

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B. Subtraction of Fractions
B.1 Subtraction of Similar Fractions

Example:
17 11 17 11 6 1
1) less =   or
30 30 30 30 30 5
B.2 Subtraction of Dissimilar Fractions

Examples:
5 1 10 3 7
1)    
6 4 12 12 12
11 5
2) 
16 12
13 7
3) 
18 24

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B.3 Subtraction of whole numbers, mixed numbers and fractions
 Subtract mixed numbers without borrowing
5 3 10  9 1
1) 5 2  5  2   3
6 4 12 12
5 2
2) 3 1
6 3
5 5
3) Subtract: 17  11
9 12
 Subtracting mixed numbers which involves borrowing.

1 5 4  15  24 4  15   28 15  13
1) 7 2 = 7  2         4    4
6 8 24  24 24  24   24 24  24
1 1
2) 9 5
5 2
5 11
3) Find 11 decreased by 2
12 16
 Subtracting whole numbers from mixed numbers with borrowing

Examples:
2 5 2 52 3
1) 15  7  14  7  14  7    7
5 5 5 5 5
3
2) 37  18
8
4
3) 18  2
13

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C. Multiplication of Fractions and Mixed Numbers
 Simply multiply together the numerators of the given fractions and multiply
together the denominators of the same fractions to obtain a new fraction as the
product. The result is then reduced to lowest terms. To simplify the process of
multiplication, apply the rule of cancellation.
Examples:
4 3 12 3
1)   or
5 4 20 5
3 5
2)  
8 6
4 5 1
3)  
15 28 56
9 33
4) Find the product of and
20 35

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 To multiply whole numbers, mixed numbers and fractions, convert the whole
number into an improper fraction with a denominator of one, then, proceed to
multiplication.
Examples:
3 4 3 12 5
1) 4    or1
7 1 7 7 7
4 5
2) 6 
5 6
 For mixed numbers, change the mixed numbers into improper fractions,
then determine the product.
Examples:
3
1) 4 2
8
5 12
2) 4 
6 13
3 1 1
3) 6 2 2 
4 7 2

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D. Division of Fractions
 To divide fractions, invert the divisor and multiply; in inverting the divisors
we are multiplying the dividend by the RECIPROCAL of the divisor; the reciprocal
of a number is the INVERSE of that number
Examples:
5 4
1) 
8 9
3 12
2) Find the quotient of and
5 25
3 2
3) 
7 3
NOTE: If the denominators of the dividend and the divisor are the same,
cancel the denominators, and divide the numerator of the dividend by the
numerator of the divisor.
Example:
5 3 5 8 5 2
1)  =   or1
8 8 8 3 3 3
3 2
2) 
5 5

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 To divide whole numbers, mixed numbers and fractions, convert the whole
number into an improper fraction with a denominator of 1 and multiply it by the
reciprocal of the divisor.
Examples:
4 115 5 575 3
1) 115     or143
5 1 4 4 4
3 4
2) 1 4
15 5
3 1
3) Find the quotient of and 2
8 10

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Chapter 2 Whole Numbers, Fractions

and Mixed Numbers

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1- Slide

1a. 35,681 1b. 5541 1c. 78,616

2a. 20,882 2b. 91,356 2c. 91,682,353

3a. 875,024 3b. 7658 3c. 9,063,632

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide

b) Associative Principle of Multiplication—only two

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d) Identity number for Multiplication—a number is not changed

e) Zero Principle of Multiplication—any number multiplied by 0,

Example: a . 0 = 0.a = 0 35,209 x 0 = 0

a) Identity number for division—dividing a number by 1 does not

Identify the exponent and the base and then

The base is 7 and the exponent is 3.

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Find each square root.

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a. 2 is a factor of a number if the last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8

b. 3 is a factor of a number if the sum of the digits of the number is divisible

c. 4 is a factor when the two right-hand digits are divisible by 4.

d. 5 is a factor of a number if the last digit of the number is 0 or 5.

e. 9 is a factor when the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide

What is prime factorization?

Two parts of a Fraction:

a) Proper Fraction – fraction less than 1

b) Improper Fraction—fractions greater than or equal to 1;

c) Mixed Numbers—fractions formed by the combination of proper fraction and a

b. 8/12 is equivalent to 2/3

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A.2 Addition of Dissimilar Fractions

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B.1 Subtraction of Similar Fractions

B.2 Subtraction of Dissimilar Fractions

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 Subtracting mixed numbers which involves borrowing.

 Subtracting whole numbers from mixed numbers with borrowing

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