Concepts and Strategies of

Development
PSPA 1201 (Governance and Development)
Renia F. De la Peña, DM
 DEVELOPMENT
• Is an improvement in country’s economic and social conditions.
• It is a way of managing areas of natural and human resources in
order to create wealth and improve people’s lives.
CLASSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Also known as economic development

• Was patterned after the successful

economies of Western countries

• The principal goal of development was

economic growth, measured in terms of
increase overall and per capita GNP

• Industrialization was the major

development strategy
1. DEVELOPMENT ACCORDING TO SEERS (1969)

• - according to him a nation’s development should be able to prove that all

three problems have declined from high levels., elimination of poverty,
inequality and unemployment.

• Realization of the potential of the human personality

• Even if the GNP increases but the three criteria have been growing worse,
then there could be no development
 2. DEVELOPMENT
ACCORDING TO
HAMMARKSJOLD (1975)
• According to him development is
geared towards the satisfaction of mans
basic need for food, clothing, shelter,
health and education

• He identified two elements in

development , be endogenous and self
reliant, and be in harmony with the
environment
3. DEVELOPMENT ACCORDING TO
TODARO (1977)
- He regarded that development is a multidimensional process
involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes
and national institutions as well as the acceleration of economic
growth, the reduction of inequality and the eradication of
absolute poverty

- He identified the three core values of development:

1.Life sustenance
2.Self Esteem
3. Freedom of Servitude
The UN Second Development Decade ushered in SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT concept in the 70’s.
• The ultimate purpose of development is to provide increasing
opportunities to all people for a better life
• Improve services such as health, education and housing ,welfare,
promotion of social justice and equity and empowering people to
develop themselves
 Sustainable Development
• as described by the WCED (1987) is development the meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.

• requires the collective effort of all nations, not individual effort.

”ALL MUST WORK AS ONE FOR OUR COMMON FUTURE”

• According to Frank and Haq (1992 as cited in Briones 1994) he said that “ The call
for sustainable development is not simply a call for environmental protection, instead
it implies a new concept of economic growth

• Is a process in which economic, fiscal, trade, energy, agricultural, industrial and all
other policies are so designed to bring about development that is economically,
socially and ecologically sustainable
 Human Development
- is a process of enlarging people’s
choices.

- According to 1998 Nobel Prize winner,

Amartya Sen, freedom is both the primary
objective of development, and the principal
means of development.

- It is the ‘enhancement of freedoms that allow

people to lead lives that they have the reason
to live’

- He recognized the central role in investing in

people

- According to R.W. Fogel, he emphasized the

importance of ‘people development
 MILLENNIUM AND
SUSTAINABLE DEV’T
GOALS 3 10
 HISTORICALLY, DEVELOPMENT WAS PURSUED
AGGRESSIVELY.

SATISFY BASIC IMPROVE QUALITY

DEVELOPMENT
MATERIAL NEEDS OF LIFE

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 HOWEVER, DEVELOPMENT DEMANDS NATURAL
RESOURCES.

SATISFY
IMPROVE TOLL ON
NATURAL BASIC
DEVELOPMENT QUALITY NATURE &
RESOURCES MATERIAL
OF LIFE HUMANS
NEEDS

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2090COAL
2060 GAS
2050 OIL
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Solar Wind Tidal
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Ortigas, Metro Manila | 2021
Photo from Rappler

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 Carbon
Emissions Ozone
Depletion

Transportation
Energy CAUSES OF
DEVELOPME
NTS
Housing &
Mass Production
= ENVIRONMENT
AL
DEGRADATION
Deforestation Population
& Explosion
Land
Conversion

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 Development Goals:
MILLENNIUM to
SUSTAINABLE

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18
19
   MDGs (2000-2015) SDGs (2016-2030)
Number of Goals 8 17
Number of Targets 21 169
Number of Indicators 60 232
Economic growth, social
General scope/ focus Social inclusion & environmental
protection
Developing countries, particularly the
Target Entire world (rich and poor)
poorest
Result of consultation process
among:
Formulation Produced by a group of experts -193 UN Member States
-Civil society
-Other stakeholders
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 MILLENNIUM
The Concept of

DEVELOPMENT

“SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT COMPASS”

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 “
We have a collective responsibility to uphold
the principles of human dignity, equality,
and equity at the global level.

The UN General Assembly, 2000

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 MILLENNIUM DECLARATION
COMMITMENTS

Peace, Strengthen
Security, & Environment Protecting the the United
Disarmament al Protection Vulnerable Nations

Democracy
Values & Poverty Special Needs
& Good
Principles Eradication of Africa
Governance
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 ROADMAP TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT WITH RESPECT
TO THE MDGs
A. Key Development

Capabilities
Long and Healthy Life Decent Standard of Living Equity
1 3 5
Start

2 4 6

Being Educated Environmental Global Economic

Sustainability Conditions

B. Essential Conditions
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 Development and Governance in Attaining the MDGs
through the Rights Based Approach
Governance
Systems and Processes
Planning &
Key Programming
Stakeholder Development Constituent
Government
Elements
Link to Rights
Institutions
MDGs
Human
Accountability
Private Sector Participation
Rights Empowerment
Civil Society & NGOs Attention to the Vulnerable
Norms & Principles
State Obligations
Stakeholders

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 SUSTAINABLE
The Concept of
DEVELOPMENT

Econom
Inter-generational
y Ecology
Equity

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
“Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.”
- United Nations, 1987

“Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying
capacity of supporting systems.”
- Trzyna, 1995

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 +
Cultural
Heritage
Preservation

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 SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Challenges the values of conventional development

BECAUSE

its processes involve not only social, economic, and political

advancement but also managing and allocating natural capital.

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The 14 Main Principles of
Sustainable Development

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 The 14 Main Principles of Sustainable Development

Right to healthy and Environmental protection Limit unsustainable Environmental protection

productive life in is part of development States must cooperate for modes of production and Participatory democracy must involve all social
harmony with nature process Polluter pays environmental protection consumption in decision-making groups

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Each country has right to Economic activities are Alleviation of poverty and Involvement of all States must develop Peace, development,
Present and future
use its own resources, combined with preventiveliving standards interested parties in and implement and environmental
generations are equally
without affecting the measures for solving environmental effective legislation protection are
entitled to this right
environment beyond its environmental protection problems for environmental interdependent
borders protection

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 “
The wealth of any nation does not rest solely
on its economic wealth but also on the smart
development and protection of its people and
natual resources.

United Nations Development Program, 2008

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THE PHILIPPINE
EXPERIENCE ON
DEVELOPMENT 4 36
 DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES: A TIMELINE
World Bank: Economic Economic Stabilization
Spanish Rule in Independence from Measures by Marcos a (21st Structural
The Philippines American Rule Failure Adjustment) End of the MDGs Peak of the Pandemic

~ 1898 1935 1946 1960s 1974 1986 1992 2000 2015 2016 2020 2030

Commonwealth or Stabilization Loans Debt-ridden Economy Start of the MDGs Start of the SDGs End of the SDGs
“Transition from the International after the Fall of Marcos
Government” Monetary Fund (IMF)

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LAND TENURE
Feudal
SYSTEMin
Loyalty
Character& provide lands to tenants
Service
“Friar Lands”
vast landholdings appropriated to
various religious orders
Spanish Regime:
Land grabbing; Land Secure Titles!
loss

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LAW
tS
o regulate and improve land
tenure
Land Distribution and Use
was still unequal
BECAUSE
OF
circumvention of sharecropping regulations,
failure to implement owner-cultivatorship,
failure to convert tenants to lease holders

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 DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES: A TIMELINE
World Bank: Economic Economic Stabilization
Spanish Rule in Independence from Measures by Marcos a (21st Structural
The Philippines American Rule Failure Adjustment) End of the MDGs Peak of the Pandemic

~ 1898 1935 1946 1960s 1974 1986 1992 2000 2015 2016 2020 2030

Commonwealth or Stabilization Loans Debt-ridden Economy Start of the MDGs Start of the SDGs End of the SDGs
“Transition from the International after the Fall of Marcos
Government” Monetary Fund (IMF)

40
 STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT (SA)
Process of Changing Economic or Financial Practices of a Country

Bell Trade Relations Act

Free Trade Until 1954
Prerequisite to Independence from the US

Parity Rights to American Citizens Tydings Rehabilitation Act

Having the same rights as

$620 Million for the much-needed
Filipinos in developing and using
post-World War II Rehabilitation
natural resources in the country
 DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES: A TIMELINE
World Bank: Economic Economic Stabilization
Spanish Rule in Independence from Measures by Marcos a (21st Structural
The Philippines American Rule Failure Adjustment) End of the MDGs Peak of the Pandemic

~ 1898 1935 1946 1960s 1974 1986 1992 2000 2015 2016 2020 2030

Commonwealth or Stabilization Loans Debt-ridden Economy Start of the MDGs Start of the SDGs End of the SDGs
“Transition from the International after the Fall of Marcos
Government” Monetary Fund ($26B)

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THANK
YOU!
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