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Motherboard
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Abstract
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The motherboard is the heart of the computer and

also the most neglected part of the hardware. The main
purpose of the motherboard is to connect all parts of a
computer such as: memory, processor, disks and other devices
in a better and faster way. Unlike other hardware devices
development of motherboard is very unique and has a great
impact on the market. While other devices developed
independently of each other, it depends on the development of
the motherboard whether these devices will work together. The
objectives of this study were to describe the most important
sections of the motherboard and its development starting from
chipsets, through memory, processor, which is one of the parts
that are selected first when designing a computer, to the bus
and the other slots. In addition, there will be a describtion of
the motherboard models and their development. An online
survey was conducted and that gave the answers to the
questions like: how much computer users are familiar with
their motherboards, have they ever had motherboard failures
and what were they.
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INTRODUCTION
ADD TITLE TEXT The motherboard is a printed board on which are located
the main parts of a computer: CPU, memory, bus and other
internal circuits can be soldered to the motherboard and can
be added into the corresponding sockets and connectors.
The motherboard is often sold separately without the
processor, memory, and additional circuits so that customers
could assemble a computer to suit their needs.
The motherboard is located inside the case and attached
with small screws through pre-drilled holes. The front of the
motherboard contains ports that connect all the internal
components of a computer. There is one slot for the
processor, more memory module slots and several ports to
connect the floppy drive, hard drive and optical drive via
cable-like ribbons. Power from the power supply is provided
to the motherboard with the help of a specially designed
connector. The front side of the motherboard also includes
slots for various cards (video, audio, etc.) that serve to
expand the capabilities of the computer. On the left side of
the motherboard are numerous slots which are used to
connect most of the external input/output devices such as a
monitor, printer, keyboard, mouse, speakers and more.
Motherboard and case are made so that if you use some of
the cards the connections for input/output units are located at
the back of the computer to make them more accessible to
use.
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History of
Motherboards

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Before the invention of microprocessors, computers were
built into mainframes with components which were
connected by a backplane that had countless slots for
connecting wires.
The CPU, memory and other peripherals were all housed
on this printed circuit board.
It was discovered that a growing number of peripheral
PCB tasks were more cost-effective in the late 1980s and
early 1990s. Consequently, a motherboard was equipped
with a single integrated circuit (IC) that could support low-
speed peripherals like serial ports, mice, keyboards, etc.
were a few of the few businesses that were early
innovators in the motherboard industry before firms like
Apple and IBM quickly seized over.
Timeline of Various Computer Components:
1967: The first floppy disk is created by IBM.
1970: The first microprocessor is released by Intel, called the 4004.
Shortly after, Intel announces the release of the first random-access
memory (RAM), called the 1103.
1972: The invention of the compact disc.
1974: The 8080 microprocessor is released by Intel.
1975: Introduction of Apple I, (the company Apple Computer was
founded by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs) a device that consists of
a motherboard, a keyboard, and a display.
1977: The first commercial network ARCNET is developed, where
Apple II takes the market by storm with the first personal computer
that integrates the use of colored graphics.
1980: Paul Allen and Bill Gates are hired by IBM to create DOS.
Microsoft in the same year licenses UNIX and starts to develop a PC
version called XENIX.
1987: Elitegroup Computer Systems Co. Ltd. is established in
Taiwan and becomes the largest supplier of motherboards in the
world.
1989: AsusTek, one of Taiwan’s top companies, starts
manufacturing graphic cards.
1993: First International Computer Inc. becomes the largest
motherboard manufacturer in the world.
1997: Intel Corp. plans to add to its monopoly a microprocessor, by
manufacturing motherboards.
2000: ATI Technologies Inc. announces graphic cards technology,
an advancement in computer graphics.
2007: AsusTek becomes the world’s largest maker of computer
motherboards.
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what role does the Where is the

motherboard play motherboard located?
in the computer?
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Where is the motherboard located ?
Most components and computer peripherals
connect to a motherboard, which is found
inside the computer chassis. The largest
circuit board of a tower computer is the
motherboard, which is located on either the
left or right side of the tower.
What role does the motherboard play
in the computer?
Supporting all of the parts that make up
your computer is the primary function of
your motherboard. The motherboard may be
compared to the human body as having a
combined nervous system, backbone, and
circulatory system. It serves as a physical
backbone for numerous components, acts as
a control center, much like the nervous
system, and transports electrical current like
the circulatory system.
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Motherboard Components
 1. Mouse & keyboard: Keyboard Connectors are two types basically. The
ADD TITLE TEXT oldest, but still quite common type is a special DIN. Most PCs until
recently retained this style connector. The AT-style keyboard connector
is quickly disappearing.

2. USB (Universal serial bus): USB is the General-purpose connection

for PC. You can find USB versions of many different devices, such as
mice, keyboards, scanners, cameras, and even printers. USB devices are
hot swappable so you can insert or remove them without restarting your
system.

3. Parallel port: Most printers use a special connector called a parallel

port. Parallel port carry data on more than one wire, as

4. CPU Chip : The central processing unit, often known as the

microprocessor, executes all calculations within a computer. Modern
CPUs produce a lot of heat, necessitating the use of a cooling fan or heat
sink to keep them cool. Some CPU manufacturers sell the CPU with a fan
built in.

5. RAM slots: Random-Access Memory (RAM) stores programs and data

currently being used by the CPU. RAM is measured in units called bytes.
6. Floppy controller: The floppy drive connects to the computer via a 34-
pin ribbon cable, which in turn connects to the motherboard. A floppy
controller is one that is used to control the floppy drive.
ADD TITLE TEXT 7. IDE controller: Industry standards define two common types of hard drives: EIDE
and SCSI. Majority of the PCs use EIDE drives. SCSI drives show up in high end
PCs such as network servers or graphical workstations. The EIDE drive connects to
the hard drive via a 2-inch-wide, 40-pin ribbon cable, which in turn connects to
the motherboard. IDE controller is responsible for controlling the hard drive.

8. PCI slot: Intel introduced the Peripheral component interconnect bus protocol.
The PCI bus is used to connect I/O devices (such as NIC or RAID controllers) to the
main logic of the computer. PCI bus has replaced the ISA bus.

9. ISA slot: (Industry Standard Architecture) It is the standard architecture of the

Expansion bus. Motherboard may contain some slots to connect ISA compatible
cards.

10. CMOS Battery: To provide CMOS with the power when the computer is turned
off all motherboards comes with a battery.
11. AGP slot: If you have a modern motherboard, you will almost certainly notice
a single connector that looks like a PCI slot, but is slightly shorter and usually
brown. You also probably have a video card inserted into this slot. This is an
Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) slot.

12. CPU slot: To install the CPU, just slide it straight down into the slot. Special
notches in the slot make it impossible to install them incorrectly.

13. Power supply plug in: The Power supply, as its name implies, provides the
necessary electrical power to make the pc operate. the power supply takes standard
110-V AC power and converts into 12-Volt, 5-Volt, and 3.3-Volt DC power.
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Ty p e s o f m o t h e r b o a r d
 The Advanced Technology eXtended (ATX) form factor, which was created by the Intel business and is now an industry standard, is used to
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characterize TEXT In addition to laying down specifications for power supplies, PC cabinets, and other ports for compatibility, ATX
motherboards.
also dictates motherboard layout. Let's now talk about the various sizes that are offered in the mainstream desktop computer segment. Three
primary types of sizes exist:
This motherboard comes in 305*244mm (length*breadth) dimensions, these
dimensions can vary with different manufacturer. This motherboard offers more
expansion slots, up to four slots for RAM, Two or sometimes more than two PCIe
Standard slots for dual graphics cards and more USB and other ports for connectivity, also
its size gives space in between components for airflow to keep heat in control.
ATX This size of motherboard is used by those who want more expansion slots and
different connecting ports and deal with heavy workloads. This motherboard will
only fit in cases which support full ATX or Extended ATX motherboards.

 This motherboards come in 244*244 mm (length*breadth) dimensions

(these dimensions can vary with different manufacturer.). This
Micro Motherboard has less ports and slots as compared to Standard ATX board.
ATX This type of motherboard is more suitable for those who don’t want to
much connectivity and later upgrades like adding more ram and additional
GPU or Graphics card and adding PCI cards. This board can fit any case
which has enough room 244*244 mm of space and can also be fit in bigger
cases which accept Standard ATX and eXTENDED ATX motherboards.

 This motherboard is 344*330 mm dimensions (these dimensions can vary with

different manufacturer). This motherboard is designed for both dual CPU and
eXtended single configuration and has up to 8 ram slots and has more PCIe and PCI slots
ATX for adding PCI cards for different purposes. It is used for workstations and
servers. Some EATX motherboards are also designed for desktop computing, and
there is ample space for cooling and attaching peripherals.
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Form Factor:
The Characteristics There are powerful motherboards available in all sizes, but form factor is a
crucial consideration. Micro-ATX or mini-ITX boards measuring 9.6 inches
of a Motherboard square or 6.7 inches are the best options if you want an extremely compact
computer. More components, ports, and expansion slots can fit on larger
motherboards, which also allow for larger cases.

Cpu Socket and Chipset

Look for a motherboard that has a CPU socket that can fit the CPU you want
to use. A unique socket is also necessary for many CPUs made by the same
manufacturers. The chipset on the motherboard and the choice of a
compatible socket will both affect how quickly the computer can operate.

Slots
Motherboards typically have three types of memory slots. The more slots you
have, the more memory you can add. Motherboards also have high-speed
PCI Express slots for graphics cards. While devices that once would have
plugged into a PCI slot are frequently now available as USB devices.
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The Characteristics Connectors

Internal and external connectors on motherboards come in a wide
of a Motherboard variety.
Some motherboards include with an external eSATA port for fast
connections to external devices, USB 3.0 connectivity, graphics
connectors for their on-board graphics system, and other features.
Both internal and external USB ports and headers should be present for
hard drive connections. Furthermore, some motherboards have older
interfaces like parallel or serial connectors.

Features
Some motherboards have built-in features that give you the ability to
use multiple hard drives in a RAID array configuration, for instance.
Others include a basic input and output system that allows you to
tweak the system's settings and squeeze extra performance out of it
through overclockers.
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Why are the slots and connections

different colors?
A motherboard's slots, ports, and connections may be color-coded to make
it easier to recognize the type of slot, port, or connector. To distinguish
between primary and secondary connectors, the IDE connectors, for
instance, come in various colors. When the memory slots are dual-channel
and have distinct colors, pairs of memory should be inserted on the same
channel (color).
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Reviewer

chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://
www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/
information_technology/Motherboard.pdf

https://www.malwarebytes.com/computer/what-is-a-
motherboard

https://www.academia.edu/18244349/
COMPUTER_MOTHERBOARD_PRESENTATION

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mothboar.htm