MAGNETIC FORCES AND

MAGNETIC FIELDS
Course Outcome 4.1
PHY02: General Physics 2

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Magnet
• Magnets have 2 poles (north and
south)
• Like poles repel
• Unlike poles attract
• Magnets create a MAGNETIC
FIELD around them

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Magnetic Fields
The needle of a compass is
permanent magnet that has a north
magnetic pole (N) at one end and a
south magnetic pole (S) at the
other.

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Magnetic Field
• A bar magnet has a magnetic field around it.
This field is 3D in nature and often represented
by lines LEAVING north and ENTERING south

• To define a magnetic field you need to

understand the MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION

• We sometimes call the magnetic field a B-Field

as the letter “B” is the SYMBOL for a magnetic
field with the TESLA (T) as the unit.

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Magnetic Fields
The behavior of magnetic poles is
similar to that of like and unlike
electric charges.

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Magnetic Fields
Surrounding a magnet there is a
magnetic field. The direction of
the magnetic field at any point in
space is the direction indicated by
the north pole of a small compass
needle placed at that point.

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Magnetic Fields
The magnetic field lines and pattern of iron filings in the vicinity of
a bar magnet and the magnetic field lines in the gap of a
horseshoe magnet.

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Magnetic Fields

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The Force That a Magnetic Field
Exerts on a Charge
When a charge is placed in an electric field, it experiences a
force, according to

 
F  qE

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The Force That a Magnetic Field
Exerts on a Charge
The following conditions must be met for a
charge to experience a magnetic force
when placed in a magnetic field:
1. The charge must be moving.
2. The velocity of the charge must have
a component that is perpendicular to
the direction of the magnetic field. S B
   N S
FB  qv  B vo N

FB  qvB sin  -

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The Force That a Magnetic Field
Exerts on a Charge
Definition of the Magnetic Field
The magnitude of the magnetic field at any point in space is defined as

where the angle  0  θ<180  is the angle between the velocity of the charge
and the direction of the magnetic field.
SI Unit of Magnetic Field: newton  second
 1 tesla  T 
coulomb  meter
1 gauss  104 tesla

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The Force That a Magnetic Field
Exerts on a Charge
Example: Magnetic Forces on Charged Particles
A proton in a particle accelerator has a speed of 5.0  106 m s. The proton encounters a
magnetic field whose magnitude is 0.40 T and whose direction makes and angle of 30.0
degrees with respect to the proton’s velocity (see part (c) of the figure). Find (a) the
magnitude and direction of the force on the proton and (b) the acceleration of the proton. (c)
What would be the force and acceleration of the particle were an electron?

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The Force That a Magnetic Field
Exerts on a Charge
(a) The acceleration is in the direction of the force.
F     
q0 vB sin   1.60  1019 C 5.0 106 m s 0.40T sin 30.0 
 1.6  1013 N

F 1.6  1013 N 13 2
(b) a    9.6  10 m s
mp 1.67  1027 kg

(c) Magnitude of the force is the same, but direction is opposite.

F 1.6  1013 N 17 2
a   1.8  10 m s
me 9.11  1031 kg

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The Force That a Magnetic Field
Exerts on a Charge
A proton moves with a speed of 1.0x105 m/s through the Earth’s magnetic field, which has a value of 55mT at
a particular location. When the proton moves eastward, the magnetic force is a maximum, and when it
moves northward, no magnetic force acts upon it. What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force
acting on the proton?

FB  qvB,   90, sin 90  1

19 5 6
FB  (1.6 x10 )(1.0 x10 )(55 x10 )
FB  8.8x10-19 N

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Direction of the magnetic force?
Right Hand Rule
Right Hand Rule No. 1.
Extend the right hand so the fingers point
along the direction of the magnetic field
and the thumb points along the velocity of
the charge. The palm of the hand then
faces in the direction of the magnetic
force that acts on a positive charge.
If the moving charge is negative, the
direction of the force is opposite to that
predicted by RHR-1.

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 Direction of the magnetic force?
Right Hand Rule
To determine the DIRECTION of the force on a POSITIVE
charge we use a special technique that helps us
understand the 3D/perpendicular nature of magnetic
fields.

Basically you hold your right

hand flat with your thumb
perpendicular to the rest of your
•The Fingers = Direction B-Field
fingers
•The Thumb = Direction of velocity
•The Palm = Direction of the Force
For NEGATIVE charges use left hand!

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Example

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Example
Determine the direction of the unknown variable for a proton moving in the field using the
coordinate axis given

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Example
Determine the direction of the unknown variable for an electron using the coordinate axis
given.

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The Motion of a Charged Particle in a
Magnetic Field
Charged particle in an electric
field.

Charged particle in a magnetic

field.

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The Motion of a Charged Particle in a
Magnetic Field
The electrical force can do work
on a charged particle.

The magnetic force cannot do

work on a charged particle.

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Magnetic Force and Circular Motion
B
v Suppose we have an electron
- X X X X X- X X X X
FB traveling at a velocity , v, entering
XXXXXXXXX a magnetic field, B, directed into
FB FB the page. What happens after the
- -
XXXXXXXXX initial force acts on the charge?
FB
XXXXXXXXX
-

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Magnetic Force and Circular Motion
The magnetic force is equal to the centripetal force and thus can
be used to solve for the circular path. Or, if the radius is known,
could be used to solve for the MASS of the ion. This could be
used to determine the material of the object.

There are many “other” types of

forces that can be set equal to the
magnetic force.

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The Motion of a Charged Particle in a
Magnetic Field
The magnetic force always remains perpendicular to the velocity and is
directed toward the center of the circular path.
v2
Fc  m
r

v2
qvB  m
r

mv
r
qB
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The Force on a Current in a Magnetic
Field
The magnetic force on the moving
charges pushes the wire to the
right.

When a current is passed through a

magnetic field, the magnetic field
exerts a force on the wire in a
direction perpendicular to both the
current and the magnetic field.

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The Force on a Current in a Magnetic
Field
F  qvB sin 

 q 
F     vt  B sin 
t  
L
I

F  ILB sin 

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The Force on a Current in a Magnetic
Field
Example: The Force and Acceleration in a Loudspeaker
The voice coil of a speaker has a diameter of 0.0025 m, contains 55 turns of wire, and is
placed in a 0.10-T magnetic field. The current in the voice coil is 2.0 A. (a) Determine the
magnetic force that acts on the coil and the cone. (b) The voice coil and cone have a
combined mass of 0.0200 kg. Find their acceleration

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The Force on a Current in a Magnetic
Field

(a) F  ILB sin 

  2.0 A 55  0.0025 m 0.10 T  sin 90
 0.86 N
F 0.86 N
(b) a    43m s 2
m 0.020 kg

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Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
Right-Hand Rule No. 2.
Curl the fingers of the right hand
into the shape of a half-circle.
Point the thumb in the direction of
the conventional current, and the
tips of the fingers will point in the
direction of the magnetic field.

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Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
Right-Hand Rule No. 2.
Curl the fingers of the right hand into
the shape of a half-circle. Point the
thumb in the direction of the
conventional current, and the tips of
the fingers will point in the direction of
the magnetic field.

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Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
A Long, Straight Wire
0 I
B
2 r

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Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
Example: A Current Exerts a Magnetic
Force on a Moving Charge
The long straight wire carries a current of 3.0
A. A particle has a charge of 6.5 106 C
and is moving parallel to the wire at a
distance of 0.050 m. The speed of the
particle is 280 m/s.
Determine the magnitude and direction of
the magnetic force on the particle.

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Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents

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Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
Current carrying wires can exert forces on each other.

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Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
A Loop of Wire

0 I
B
2R

center of circular loop

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Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
Example: Finding the Net Magnetic Field
A long straight wire carries a current of 8.0 A and a circular loop of wire carries a
current of 2.0 A and has a radius of 0.030 m. Find the magnitude and direction of
the magnetic field at the center of the loop.

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Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
0 I1 0 I 2 0  I1 I 2 
B     
2 r 2 R 2 r R 

B
 4  10 7
T  m A   8.0 A

2.0 A 
 1.1  10 5
T
 
2    0.030 m  0.030 m 

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Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
The field lines around the bar magnet resemble those around
the loop.

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Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents

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End of Presentation

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End of Presentation

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