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Management Control Systems
Management Control Systems
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003
Management control ...
The process by which management:
– … ensures that people in the organization carry
out organizational objectives and strategies;
– … encourages, enables, or, sometimes “forces”
employees to act in the organization’s best interest.
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 -2-
Function and benefit ...
Benefit …
– increased probability that the organization’s
objectives will be achieved.
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 -3-
Management and its components ...
Management …
– … the process of organizing resources and directing
activities for the purpose of organizational objectives.
Process-breakdown …
» Objective setting;
» Strategy formulation;
» Control.
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 -4-
Objective setting ...
Objectives are …
» a necessary prerequisite for any purposeful activities.
Objectives can be …
» financial versus non-financial;
» quantified, explicit versus implicit;
» economic, social, environmental, societal.
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 -5-
Strategy formulation ...
An organization must select any of innumerable
ways of seeking to attain its objectives.
Hence,
… strategies put constraints on employees to
focus activities on what the organization does
best or areas where it has an advantage over
competitors.
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 -6-
Control ...
Strategic control …
» Is our strategy (still) valid?
» Strategy revision -- “intended” vs. “emergent” strategies.
Management Control …
– Are our employees likely to behave appropriately?
» Do they understand what we expect of them?
» Will they work consistently hard and try to do what
is expected of them?
» Are they capable of doing what is expected of them?
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 -7-
Planning and control ...
OBJECTIVE SETTING
predominantly external focus;
PLANNING predominantly top-management
responsibility;
Strategy Formulation sometimes very unsystematic,
Strategic Control implicit and/or emergent.
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 -8-
The planning / control cycle ...
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 -9-
The basic control problem ...
Management control is about encouraging
PEOPLE to take desirable actions,
» i.e., it guards against the possibilities that employees will
do something the organization does not want them to do,
or, fail to do something they should do.
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 - 10 -
Recall that ...
Management Control is about taking steps to help
ensure that the employees do what is best for the
organization.
Three issues:
» Do they understand what we expect of them ...
Lack of direction
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 - 11 -
Lack of direction ...
COMMUNICATION + REINFORCEMENT !
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 - 12 -
Motivational problems ...
When employees ‘choose’ not to perform as
their organization would have them perform.
Because …
– Lack of goal congruence
» Individual goals do not coincide with organizational goals.
– Self-interested behavior
» Generally, individuals are prone to being “lazy” ...
e.g., take long lunches, overspend on things that make
life more pleasant, use of sick leaves when not sick, etc.
» More extreme examples of motivational problems:
Employee crime (fraud and theft).
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 - 13 -
Personal limitations …
Sometimes, people are “unable” to do a good job
because of certain personal limitations they have.
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 - 14 -
Management control is more than ...
A simple cybernetic control system involving
a single feedback loop, like a thermostat …
» Detector measure performance;
» Assessor compare with pre-set standard;
» Effector take corrective action.
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 - 15 -
Control and “good” control ...
Again, … management controls include all the devices
managers use to ensure that the behaviors and decisions
of people are consistent with the organization’s objectives
and strategies.
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 - 16 -
Control can be achieved through ...
» Action Controls;
» Results Controls;
» People Controls.
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 - 17 -
Control-problem avoidance ...
Three strategies …
– Activity elimination
» e.g., subcontracts, licensing agreements, divestment.
– Automation
» Computers / robots eliminate the human problems
of inaccuracy, inconsistency, and lack of motivation;
» Only applicable to relatively easy decision situations;
» Automation can be very costly.
– Centralization
» Superiors reserve for themselves the most critical
decisions.
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 - 18 -
Control alternatives …
Controls can focus on:
Action Control
and/or Action Control
Results Control (e.g., large projects)
High Low
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 - 20 -
Overview ...
Can people be avoided? Yes Control-problem
(e.g., automation, centralization)
avoidance
No
Yes
Can you rely on people involved?
No People controls
Yes
Can you make people reliable?
No
Have knowledge about what Yes Able to assess whether
specific actions are desirable? specific action was taken?
Yes
No
Action controls
Have knowledge about what Yes
results are desirable? Able to measure results?
Yes
No
Results controls
?
Merchant and Van der Stede: Management Control Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2003 - 21 -