Quantity and Unit of Measurement

Physics quantity
Physics quantity is the physical size of object definite by quantity. Physics quantity is grouped in two:
Fundamental quantity Generated quantity

Principality, this quantity having some characteristics:

Standard (permanent) Universally Easy and appropriate to be used every time

Fundamental quantity
Fundamental quantity is the quantity have been agreed before. The unit system used in educational and scientific sectors is called metric system. Metric system divided by two:
MKS (Meter Kilogram Second), called System of International CGS (Centimeter Gram Second)

International unit
Length
One meter is set as the travelled distance of light at 1/299792458 second.

Mass
One kilogram defines as the mass of one liter pure water at 277 Kelvin.

Time
One second is the time needed by atom Cesium133 to vibrates 9192631770 times.

Fundamental quantity unit in metric system

Fundamental quantity Length Mass Time Temperature Electricity current Light intensity SI unit / MKS Abbreviation CGS Abbreviation meter kilogram second Kelvin Ampere Candela m kg s K A Cd mol centimeter gram second Kelvin stat Ampere Candela mol cm g s K statA Cd mol

Amount if substance mol

Generated quantity unit in metric system

Generation quantity Area Volume Density Speed Velocity Force Work Pressure Momentum Explained by fundamental quantity Length Width Length Width Height Mass / Volume Displacement / Time Speed / Time Mass Velocity Force Displacement Force / Area Mass Velocity m2 m3 kg/m3 m/s m/s2 Newton (N) = kg.m/s2 Joule (J) = kg.m2/s2 Pascal (Pa) = N/m2 kg.m/s MKS system unit

Prefix unit and another system unit

Prefix unit also called English unit is an unit that has been set long time before the international unit is agreed. Why do some people used prefix unit rather than international unit?
Because prefix unit is a very old unit and many people were already used it before the international unit was created.

Prefix unit conversion

Length
1 mile = 1760 yard (1 yard is the distance between the shoulder and the fingertip of the adult) 1 yard = 3 feet (1 feet is the distance between the heel and the toetip of the adult) 1 feet = 12 inch (1 inch is the maximal thumb width of the adult) 1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 cm = 0.01 m

 Mass
1 ton = 1000 kg 1 quintal = 100 kg 1 slug = 14.59 kg 1 ounce (oz) = 0.02835 kg 1 pound (lb) = 0.4536 kg

System Macro conversion Exa Peta Tera Giga Mega kilo hecto deca MKS Micro Conversion meter centi mili micro nano pico femto atto

Prefix unit E P T G M k h da

Symbol 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101 100 c m 10-2 10-3 10-6 n p f a 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18

Conversion

Measuring
Measuring is comparing a quantity and an unit. Measuring aspects that must be watch of:
Accuration Equipment calibration Precision Sensitivity

Length measuring
Length measuring with ruler
Ruler can measures the length from 1 meter to 3 meter. It has an accuracy of 1 mm or 0.001 m.

 Length measuring with vernier caliper

It has an accuracy of 0.1 mm.
permanent jaw clamper screw main scale

moving jaw

nonius scale

 Micrometer screw gauge

It has an accuracy of 0.01 mm.
main scale turned jaw

jagged cylinder turned scale

Mass measuring
In the educational sector, two-legged or three-legged O Houss balance is always used to measure the mass.
back hand (10-100 g scaled, 10 g each scale) middle hand (0-500 g scaled, 100 g each scale)

former hand (0-10 g scaled, 1 g each scale)

Time measuring
There are many tools to measure the time; digital watch, analog watch, atom watch, sand watch, sundial, and stop watch. Stop watch is a measuring tool which is having good accuracy, as long as 0.01 s.

Temperature and its measurement

Temperature is an unit used to declares the heat degree of object, and it is measured by a thermometer. Liquid-filled is a common-used thermometer. It made by a capillary pipe filled with alcohol or mercury. Mercury thermometer is likely used because:
Mercury doesn t wetting the inner-pipe wall Mercury is a good heat conductor Its measuring range is wide, 234 K for freezing point and 730 K for boiling point

Kinds of thermometers
Thermometer of Celsius
The bottom point is given scale 0, the top point is given scale 100. Its distance divided into 100 scales.

Thermometer of Reaumur
The bottom point is given scale 0, the top point is given scale 80. Its distance divided into 80 scales.

 Thermometer of Fahrenheit
The bottom point is given scale 32, the top point is given scale 212. The temperature of ice, mixed with salt, is set as 0 F. Its distance divided into 180 scales.

 Thermometer of Kelvin
The bottom point is given scale 0. This point is called absolute temperature or the smallest temperature an object had when its total energy was zero. Kelvin set the temperature of melting ice on scale 273. The top point is given scale 373. Its distance divided into 100 scales.