What are vaccines?

• Biological preparations we introduce inside the human

body to strengthen the immune system so that when an
antigen or toxin comes in, the body can easily combat
it.
 Dosage, Route of Administration, and Site
of Administration
Vaccine Dose Route of Site of Administration
Administration
1. BCG 0.05 ml intradermal Deltoid region of the
right arm
2. OPV 2 dops oral Mouth
3. Hepatitis B 0.5 ml intramuscular Upper outer portion
of the thigh
4. Pentavalent, 0.5 ml intramuscular Upper outer portion
PCV,IPV of the thigh
5. Measles/MMR 0.5 ml subcutaneous Deltoid region of the
arm
 Important points when giving a
vaccine
Each antigen is to kept at a different temperature
Penta, Hepa B, Tetanus, and BCG +2 degree Celsius to +8 degree Celsius in the body
of the refrigerator

Measles and Polio -15 degree Celsius to -25 degree Celsius in the freezer
compartment

Diluents +2 degree Celsius to +8 degree Celsius on top and

middle shelves of the main section of the refrigerator
and should be placed next to the vaccines
 Before administering vaccine
1. Wipe the skin on the site for injection with a small piece of cotton
moistened with pre-boiled water.
2. Discard the used cotton in a trash bag.
3. Hold the injection site (arm or leg) between your thumb and fingers of
your left hand and the syringe with the other hand
 Administering the vaccine
1. Push the needle quickly keeping your hands steady.
2. For intramuscular route, always leave a bit of the needle expose.
3. After inserting the needle, pull the plunger out slightly enough to see if
blood enters the syringe.
4. If blood forms on the injection site after removing the needle, wipe and
press it gently with clean, dry cotton.
 Interval between doses of the vaccine
• Recommended ages and interval between doses of the same antigen (s)
have the best evidence of efficacy.
• Increasing the interval between doses of a multi-dose vaccine does not
diminish the effectiveness of the vaccine.
• Decreasing the interval between doses of a multi-dose vaccine may
interfere with antibody response and protection