List 10

1. arbitrary -[ahr-bi-trer-ee]
2. celestial - [suh-les-chuh l]
3. culinary - [kyoo-luh-ner-ee, kuhl-uh-]
4. ecclesiastical - [ih-klee-zee-as-ti-kuh l] 
5. exemplary - [ig-zem-pluh-ree, eg-
zuh m-pler-ee] 
6. guttural - [guht-er-uh l]
7. humane- [hyoo-meyn or, often, yoo-]
8. integral - [in-ti-gruh l, in-teg-ruh l] 
9. paternal - [puh-tur-nl] 
10. pristine - [pris-teen, pri-steen;]
11. saline - [sey-leen, -lahyn]
12. urbane - [ur-beyn] 
 1. ARBITRARY (ADJ.)
a. Nobody made him do it. His
decision was completely
arbitrary.
b. The committee had arbitrary
rules.
Def: based on one’s opinion or preference;
bound by no law
S:absolute, autocratic, despotic, discretionary,
tyrannical
A:accountable, constitutional, legitimate, limited
arbitrarily (adv.), arbitrariness (n.)
03/31/2023
2. CELESTIAL (ADJ.)
a. Looking through the telescope,
the students were so excited to
see the celestial bodies.
b. Morrel uttered a loud
exclamation, and frantic, doubtful,
dazzled, as though by
a celestial vision, he fell upon his
knees.

Def: pertaining to sky, heaven

S : extraterrestrial, heavenly
A : earthly, terrestrial
celestially (adv.), celestiality (n.)
03/31/2023
 3. CULINARY (ADJ.)
a. The bride’s first meal may
not have been perfect, but her
husband declared it a culinary
delight.
b. Betsy glanced up to oversee
Molly's culinary activities.
Def: pertaining to kitchen or
cookery

03/31/2023
4. ECCLESIASTICAL (ADJ.)
a. Fundamentalists affirm
ecclesiastical separation
from modernism, as well as
personal separation from the
world.
b. They would discharge their
pastoral duties as
individuals, but when a
solemn ecclesiastical act,
like ordination, was
performed, it would be done
Def: of or pertaining to a
church
03/31/2023
 5. EXEMPLARY
(ADJ.)

a. The exemplary art of the Greeks has never been

surpassed by modern-day sculptors.
b. He was a man of exemplary life and a friend of
Erasmus and the humanists, besides being a persona
grata at the court of Louise of Savoy and Francis I.

worthy of imitation; fit to serve as a

model or example
S : laudable, model, praiseworthy
03/31/2023
A : evil, sinful 7
 6. GUTTURAL (ADJ.)

a. A guttural growl apprised the hunter of

the nearness of his prey.
b. At the end of her eulogy, she let out a
guttural sob.
sounded in the throat; hence, harsh,
grating, or rasping
S : gravelly, hoarse, throaty
03/31/2023
A : clear, musical 8
 7. HUMANE
(ADJ.)
a. The humane and enlightened Alfred
attempted to educate and encourage his
subjects.
b. He was also of a most humane disposition
and a friend of Liberal institutions.
having or showing the best human
qualities, such as kindness, mercy or
compassion
S : altruistic, benevolent, charitable, humanitarian
A 03/31/2023
: atrocious, barbarous, cruel, inhuman, merciless 9
 8. INTEGRAL (ADJ.)

a. The Constitution is an integral component

to American’s freedom.
b. He was missing some integral
prerequisites, which prevented him from
graduating on time.

a necessary part of something

S : basic, essential, fundamental, vital

A03/31/2023
: secondary, unnecessary, supplementary10
 9. PATERNAL (ADJ.)
a. Some countries have different
names for the paternal and
maternal grandparents.
b. His touching love for his
worthless son is one of the most
beautiful descriptions of paternal
affection.
having to do with fathers;
pertaining to the father’s side of
the family
S : fatherly
03/31/2023 A : maternal 11
 10. PRISTINE
(ADJ.)
a. In the cool freshness of the morning,
Adam lingered in the meadow and savored
the pristine beauty of Eden.
b. Katie grabbed her purse and walked
quickly down a pristine hall to a placard
that read Officer David.
pertaining to or typical of the earliest
time or condition; pure ; untouched
S : primal, prime, primeval, primitive,
primordial
03/31/2023 12
 11. SALINE (ADJ.)
a. For the second time, he ran the
saline solution through the
distiller, but it still emerged
brackish and unusable.
b. In the neighbouring village of
Salinetas de Elda there are warm
sulphur and saline baths.

consisting of or containing salt

S : brackish, briny,
saliferous, salty
03/31/2023 A : nonsaline , unsalted 13
 12. URBANE (ADJ.)
a. Clym Yeobright was equally
comfortable in the urbane drawing
rooms of Paris or in the rustic cottages
of Egdon Heath.
b. Brett is our best appliance salesman
because his urbane personality can
win over even the grouchiest female.
having or showing the polish and
elegance of polite society;
courteous
S : cultured, diplomatic, refined,
smooth, suave
03/31/2023
A : bucolic, clownish, rude, rustic 14
List 10
1. arbitrary -[ahr-bi-trer-ee]
2. celestial - [suh-les-chuh l]
3. culinary - [kyoo-luh-ner-ee, kuhl-uh-]
4. ecclesiastical - [ih-klee-zee-as-ti-kuh l] 
5. exemplary - [ig-zem-pluh-ree, eg-
zuh m-pler-ee] 
6. guttural - [guht-er-uh l]
7. humane- [hyoo-meyn or, often, yoo-]
8. integral - [in-ti-gruh l, in-teg-ruh l] 
9. paternal - [puh-tur-nl] 
10. pristine - [pris-teen, pri-steen;]
11. saline - [sey-leen, -lahyn]
12. urbane - [ur-beyn] 
List 10
1. arbitrary
2. celestial
3. culinary
4. ecclesiastical
5. exemplary
6. guttural
7. humane
8. integral
9. paternal
10. pristine
11. saline
12. urbane
List 10
1. arbitrary
2. celestial
3. culinary
4. ecclesiastical
5. exemplary
6. Guttural
7. Humane
8. Integral
9. paternal
10. pristine
11. saline
12. urbane
List 10
1. arbitrary
2. celestial
3. culinary
4. ecclesiastical
5. exemplary
6. Guttural
7. Humane
8. Integral
9. paternal
10. pristine
11. saline
12. urbane
1. Sulla made Julius Caesar fail the election
for what position?

2-3. Julius Caesar bribed ______, Sulla’s

commander with ___ talents just to let him go.

4. The pirates demanded Caesar _____

talents for his ransom.

5. How many days did Julius Caesar stay with

the pirates?
6. Who was the famous rhetorician who
mentored Julius Caesar?

7. Who first saw “a design of tyranny” in

Julius Caesar’s behaviour?

8. What political position did Caesar

ultimately achieve?

9-10. Explain briefly. (2 pts.)

Why was Caesar only second rate in oratory?
Julius Caesar
Plutarch
Julius Caesar : His Rise Into Power
Caesar and the Pirates

 Why did Caesar go into hiding?

 How did he get away from the pirates? What
did he do to the pirates after his release?
 Consuls of Rome

Cinna Marius Sulla

daughter wife

Cornelia Julia
husband nephew

Julius
Caesar
An Education in Oratory

 Why was Caesar

only second rate in
oratory?
Rise to Popularity

 How did he become so popular in Rome?

Desire to Be King

Who was first to recognize Caesar as a potential

tyrant?
Why did Caesar break into tears when he compared
himself to Alexander?
 Julius Caesar : His Rise Into
Power
 his desire to be a “king”
“ I would rather be first with these men than
second with the Romans.”
“ …Alexander at my age was already king of so
many nations, and I as yet have accomplished
nothing remarkable?”
 dictator for life
“ …at the close of the civil war, Caesar’s behavior
was irreproachable…”
Dictator for Life

 After Caesar became dictator for life, what

did he do for the people?
 Julius Caesar : His Rise Into
Power

 pardoned his enemies

 set up Pompey’s statues again
 promised position for the noblemen
 reformation of the calendar (Julian
calendar)
Passion for Glory
Julian Calendar

 What was the

advantage of the
new calendar?
The First Offense and the Defiance of the Tribunes

 What was Caesar’s first mistake in dealing with the

senate?
 Why did Caesar remove the tribunes from office?
The “Pale Lean Ones”

 What was Caesar’s first impression on

Brutus?
Portents and Apparitions and the Conspiracy

 What superstitious events occurred just

before Caesar’s death?
The Conspiracy

 How did Decimus Brutus convince Caesar to

go to the senate?
The Spirit of Pompey

 Who delivered
the first blow
to Caesar?
 Julius Caesar: His Death

A. The Senate Drama

Brutus Albinus - detained Antony outside
the senate
Tillius Cimber – petition on behalf of his
exiled brother; signaled the attack
Casca - first one to struck Caesar
on the neck

Since he sank against the pedestal of

Pompey’s statue, it looked like Pompey
presided the revenge on his enemy
B. The Aftermath
Antony and Lepidus - Caesar’s friends,
took refuge in other men’s houses
Brutus and his followers - marched from
Senate to Capitol, brandishing their sword

Senate’s general amnesty and

reconciliation agreement:
Caesar - honored as god
Brutus - awarded provinces and
appropriate honors
Honored as God and Caesar’s Will

 What were Caesar’s instructions in his will?

 Why was Caesar’s friend Cinna killed? What did this
Specter in the Night

What happened to Cassius and Brutus?

Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears;
I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.
The evil that men do lives after them;
The good is oft interred with their bones;
So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus
Hath told you Caesar was ambitious:
If it were so, it was a grievous fault,
And grievously hath Caesar answer’d it.

Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest–

For Brutus is an honourable man;
So are they all, all honourable men–
Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral.
He was my friend, faithful and just to me:
But Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man.
He hath brought many captives home to Rome
Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill:
Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?
When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept:
Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man.

You all did see that on the Lupercal

I thrice presented him a kingly crown,
Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And, sure, he is an honourable man.
I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,
But here I am to speak what I do know.
You all did love him once, not without cause:
What cause withholds you then, to mourn for him?
O judgment! thou art fled to brutish beasts,
And men have lost their reason. Bear with me;
My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar,
And I must pause till it come back to me.
 POETRY RUBRIC
1.OUTSTANDING
10 pts.
2. VERY SATISFACTORY
9-8 pts.
3. SATISFACTORY
7-6 pts.
4. NEEDS IMPROVEMENT
5-4 pts.
Using Nouns as Predicate Nominative, Object of
the Preposition, Direct Object, and Direct Object

1.Mr. Hurley is our coach.

2. Christ entered the room and sat down in
the first chair.
3. A good tree bears good fruit.
4. The Sunday school superintendent gave
Emily an award.
 Recognizing Objective Complements

1. We elected Scott treasurer.

2. We consider Scott dependable.
3. Pastor Wilson appointed Mr. Jones music
director and assistant youth director.
Using Nouns as Appositives and Nouns as Direct
Address
1. Nehemiah, the king’s cupbearer, rebuilt the
walls of Jerusalem.
2. Moses, the upcoming leader of the
Israelites, defied the powerful king of
Egypt.
3. The home-run hitters Babe Ruth and Roger
Maris played for the Yankees.
4. Have you shined your shoes, John?
5. Vanessa and Tim, it is time to do your
Answer the following exercises:
 Exercise A (1-3), p. 127
 Exercise A, p. 128
 Exercise B (1-3), p. 129
 Exercise C (1-3), p. 129
 Exercise B (1-5), p. 130
 Exercise B (1-5), p. 133
Clause
 He read the book that a friend had
recommended.

 Victor has not decided whether he

will accept the position.
Noun Clause
 A dependent clause that is used as a
noun is called a noun clause.
 Noun clauses are introduced by
signal words such as the following:
that, whether, if, who, whom,
whose, which, what, when, where,
why, how, whoever, whomever,
whichever, and whatever.
 Using Noun Clauses
1. Whether we travel by train or plane has
not been decided.
2. We did whatever was necessary.
3. Painting portrait is what he enjoys the
most.
4. He said nothing about where he would
go next.
5. The idea that he could succeed carried
him through.
Noun Clause
Answer exercise A, p. 140. and exercise
B, p. 144.
1. Whether he leaves tonight or in the morning is up to
him.
2. God promised Abraham and Sarah that they would have
a son.
3. A chance to prove himself was what Bill requested.
4. The thought that he might be late made Luis start
running.
5. Uncle Matthew has not made a decision yet about
whom he will include in his will.
6. The Lord is my helper, and I will not fear what man shall
do unto me.
7. Who will represent us in the finals will be determined by
this race.
8. Telling the truth is what Mike should have done in the
first place.
Using Parallel Structure
 Use parallel structure for ideas that
are logically parallel.
 Jeff likes fishing, swimming, and to
hike.
 Jeff likes fishing, swimming, and to
hiking.
Using Parallel Structure
 Answer exercise B, p.144