UNIT1

UNIT 1: DC CIRCUITS
Lecture all
Prepared By: Haziqul Yaquin
Subject : BEEE (ECE249)
Electrical Circuit
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements

Charge and Current
• Charge: Charge is an electrical
property of the atomic particles
of a matter.
S.I Unit: Coulomb (C)
Symbol: Q
• Current: Rate of change of
charge.
• Mathematically,
OR
Continuous flow of
electrons in an electrical circuit. Or, in simple terms:
S.I Unit: Ampere (A)
Symbol: I
So, 1 Ampere = 1 coulomb/ 1 second.
QUICK QUIZ (Poll )
1 Coulomb is same as: 2. What is the other unit of Current as
A. Watt /sec discussed above ?
B. Ampere/sec
A. Watt /sec
C. Joule-sec
B. Ampere/sec
D. Ampere-sec C. Coulomb/sec
D. Ampere-sec
Voltage
• It is the energy (Work) required

to move a unit charge through
an element.
S.I Unit: Volt (V)
Symbol: V
Rate of doing
work (dw/dq)
Power and Energy
• Power: Rate at which the work is done.
OR
Time rate of absorbing or supplying energy
S.I Unit: Watts (W)
Symbol: P
Mathematically, rate of doing work
q
= rate or change of charge
at time t
Implies,
Power and Energy
• Energy: Capacity of doing work.
S.I Unit: Joules(J)
Symbol: E
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Calculate the current ratings of 100 Watt incandescent bulb and 15
Watt LED lamp operated with the domestic supply of 220 Volt?
A. Bulb = 0.068 A and LED = 0.45 A
B. Bulb = 0.45 A and LED = 0.068 A
C. Bulb =0.50 A and LED = 0.068 A
D. Bulb = 0.50 and LED = 0.68 A
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
From the previous question, it can be inferred that:
A. LED consumes 5 times more current than Bulb.
B. Bulb consumes 5 times more current than LED..
C. LED consumes 6.6 times more current than Bulb.
D. Bulb consumes 6.6 times more current than LED.
Network Components
Active Passive
Battery, Generator (Ac source) Resistance (R)

Capacitance (C)
Transistor, Op-amp, etc Inductance (L)
Active components deliver power or energy to the Passive elements utilizes power or energy from the
circuit. circuit.
• Nature of source, Function of the component, Flow of current, Power Gain etc.
Active and Passive Components
BASIS ACTIVE COMPONENTS PASSIVE COMPONENT
Nature of source Active components deliver power or Passive elements utilizes power or energy
energy to the circuit. from the circuit.
Examples Diodes, Transistors, SCR, Integerated Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor etc.

circuits etc.
Function of the component Devices which produce energy in the form Devices which stores energy in the form of
of voltage or current. voltage or current.
Power Gain They are capable of providing power gain. They are incapable of providing power
gain.
Flow of current Active components can control the flow of Passive components cannot control the
current. flow of the current.
Requirement of external source They can be dependent or independent on They are dependent on other sources
other sources
Resistance
• Resistance: It is an opposition to
the flow of current.
S.I Unit: Ohm (Ω)
Symbol: R
Capacitance
• Capacitance is the ability of a device to store
electrical energy in an electrostatic field.
• A capacitor is a device that stores energy in
the form of an electrical field..
• A capacitor is made of two conductors
separated by a dielectric.
S.I Unit: Farad (F)
Symbol: C
Two important Properties:
1. No current flows through the capacitor, if 𝑑𝑄 𝑑 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑉
the voltage remains constant. 𝐼= = =𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2. Voltage across a capacitor cannot change
instantaneously.
Inductance
• Inductance is the characteristic of an electrical
conductor that opposes a change in current flow.
• An inductor is a device that stores energy in a
magnetic field.
• When a current flows through a conductor, magnetic
field builds up around the conductor. This field
contains energy and is the foundation for inductance
S.I Unit: Henry (H)
Symbol: L
Two important Properties:
1. No voltage appears across an inductor, if the current
through it remains constant.
2. The current through an inductor cannot change 𝑑𝐼
instantaneously. 𝑉 =𝐿
𝑑𝑡
Capacitance and Inductance
Permeability for free (µ0)

space is 4π X10-7H/m
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Identify the passive element
A. Battery
B. Transistor
C. OP-amp
D. None of these
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
What is the voltage across a capacitor at the time of switching, that is,
when t=0?
a) Infinity
b) 0V
c) Cannot be determined
d) 1V
Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law states that:
“the current in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the voltage
across its terminals, provided that the physical parameters like
temperature, etc. remain constant”
Mathematically,
Or,
Where, Resistance
Resistivity Table
Conductance
• A useful quantity in circuit analysis is the reciprocal of resistance R,
known as conductance and denoted by G
• S.I Unit: mho (ohm spelled backwards) or Siemens

• Symbol:
Relation between Voltage, Current ,
Resistance and Power (V,I,R,P)
• Power dissipated in the resistor can be expressed as:
Applications of Ohm’s Law
1. To find unknown Voltage (V)
2. To Find unknown Resistance (R)
3. To Find unknown Current (I)
4. Can be used to find Unknown Conductance (G)=1/R
5. Can be used to find unknown Power (P)=VI
6. Can be used to find unknown conductivity or Resistivity
Applications of Ohm’s Law
1. It is widely used in circuit analysis.
2. It is used in ammeter, multimeter, etc.
3. It is used to design resistors.
4. It is used to get the desired circuit drop in circuit design (Example, Domestic Fan
Regulator).
5. Advanced laws such as Kirchhoff’s Norton’s law, Thevenin’s law are based on
ohm’s law.
6. Electric heaters, kettles and other types of equipment working principle follow
ohm’s law.
7. A laptop and mobile charger using DC power supply in operation and working
principle of DC power supply depend on ohm’s law.
Limitations of Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law holds true only for a conductor at a constant temperature.
Resistivity changes with temperature.
• Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyze circuits.
• It is NOT applicable to non linear elements, For example, Diodes,
Transistors, MOSFETs etc.
• This law cannot be applied to unilateral networks,
like diode (as different current in FB and RB)
• Also not applicable to incandescent bulb, Led etc,
(due to the tungsten filament )
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
The voltage and the conductance of
the given circuit is:
A. 30 V, 10 µS
B. 30 mV, 100 µS
C. 30 V, 100 µS
D. 30 mV, 10 µS
QUICK QUIZ (Poll 8)
The power of the given circuit is:
A. 60 mW
B. 70 mW
C. 80 mW
D. 90 mW
Short-circuit and Open-circuit
• For a short circuit, R = 0 Ω • For an open circuit, R = Ω
• Therefore, V = I.R = 0 V • Therefore, I = V/R = 0 V
• NOTE: (current, I can be of any • NOTE: (voltage, V can be of any
value) value)
Series Parallel Connections
Series Connection
• SERIES CONNECTION: Two or more elements are in series if they
exclusively share a single node and consequently carry the same
current.
Note: When all the n
resistances of same value are
connected in series, their
effective resistances get added
up. So, the resultant resistance
would be n*R
Which rule is
used to find
Note: Resistors in series behave as a single resistor whose resistance is equal to voltage
the sum of the resistances of the individual resistors.
Voltage Division Rule
• The important relations are:
Hint
I=V/R1+R2……1
V1=IR1………….2
Substitute 1 in 2
Parallel Connection
• PARALLEL CONNECTION: Two or more elements are in parallel if they
are connected to the same two nodes and consequently have the same
voltage across them
If R is given ,Voltage in
parallel is same then
how we find Current ?
Which
Rule ?
Resistors in Parallel
.
Note: When all the n resistances

of same value are connected in
parallel, their effective resistances
gets added inversely. So, the
resultant resistance would be R/n.
Current Division Rule
• The important relations are:
Hint
V=I1R1……….1
V=i2R2………..2
At same node voltage equate
I1R1=i2R2
I2=i1R1/R2
Thus total current i=i1+i2

Substitute values of i2
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Find current across two resistors?
How to find Equivalent Resistance for
Series-Parallel Combinations
Example: To find
Recap (Poll)
Find Equivalent Resistance in Ohms?
A. 5
B. 10
C. 15
D. 20
Summary Important
Important points Regarding Resistance ,Inductance and Capacitance

and conductance
Case 1: When all the n resistances are connected in series, their effective resistances get added up. So, the
resultant resistance would be n*R
Case 2: When all the n resistances are connected in parallel, their effective resistances gets added
inversely. So, the resultant resistance would be R/n.
Kirchhoff’s Law
• Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyze circuits.
• However, when it is coupled with Kirchhoff’s two laws, we have a
sufficient, powerful set of tools for analyzing a large variety of electric
circuits.
• These laws are:
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
2. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• It states that:
“the algebraic sum of currents entering a node is zero”.
OR
“ Sum of currents entering a node = Sum of currents leaving a node “
• Based on Law of Conservation of Charge.
• Mathematically,
QUICK QUIZ (Poll 1)
KCL equation for the given network is:
A. -
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• It states that:
“algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.”
OR
“ Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises.”
• Based on Law of Conservation of Energy
• Mathematically,
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Find voltages and in the given circuit:
QUICK QUIZ POLL
Q . Write the equation Q. Which of the following circuit will give Vab =7V
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) d
Let us Recall!
• Taking Clockwise direction (Def. 1):
• Taking Anti-clockwise direction(Def. 1):
• Voltage rise = Voltage drop

Applications of Kirchhoff’s Laws
• They can be used to analyze any electrical circuit.
• Computation of current and voltage of complex circuits.
Star Delta Transformation
• Situations often arise in circuit analysis when the resistors are neither
in parallel nor in series. For example, consider the bridge shown in the
figure.
Star Delta Transformation
There are two types of such circuits
1. Star Connection
2. Delta Connection
1.Delta to Star Conversion
2. Star to Delta Conversion
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Is this a Star Connection?
A)Yes
B)No
Quick QUIZ Poll
Q: Convert Y network?
A)R1= 5 ohm R2=7.5 ohm R3=3ohm

B)R1= 10 ohm R2=7.5 ohm R3=5ohm
C)R1= 5 ohm R2=5 ohm R3=3ohm
D)R1= 10 ohm R2=7.5 ohm R3= 7ohm
Practice Problem Solution
Quick Quiz (Poll)
Q. Star connection is called as WYE connection
A)True
B) False
Q Find the equivalent delta circuit
a) 9.69 ohm, 35.71 ohm, 6.59 ohm

b) 10.69 ohm, 35.71 ohm, 6.59 ohm
c) 9.69 ohm, 34.71 ohm, 6.59 ohm
d) 10.69 ohm, 35.71 ohm, 7.59 ohm
Topics
• Energy Sources (Dependent and Independent)
• Ideal and Practical Sources
• Source Transformation
• Nodal and Mesh Analysis
Energy Sources
Source
Voltage Source Current Source
Independent Dependent Independent Dependent
Voltage-Dependent Voltage-Dependent
Current- Dependent Current- Dependent

Independent and Dependent Sources
• Independent sources does not depend on any other quantity in the circuit. They
are two terminal devices and has a constant value. They are represented by a
circular shape.
• Dependent or Controlled depend on the voltage or current in another part of the

circuit. They are four terminal devices. They are represented by a diamond shape.
Independent and Dependent Sources
• Independent • Dependent
QUICK QUIZ (Poll 1)
Identify the type of dependent source used in the network:
A. VCCS
B. CCVS
Practical Dependent Sources
In practice
• VCVS is often used in modeling Operational Amplifiers (OP- AMPs )
• VCCS is often used in modeling MOSFETs.
• CCVS is often used in modeling delays and transient analysis.
• CCCS is often used in modeling Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)

QUICK QUIZ (POLL)
BJT is an example of :
A. VCCS
B. CCVS
Ideal and Practical Voltage Source
• Ideal is one where internal resistance does NOT exist.
NOTE:
1. For a voltage source, internal resistance must be ZERO.
2. For a current source, internal resistance must be INFINITY.
• Practical is one where internal resistance is present.
QUICK QUIZ (POLL)
Ideal constant current source should have internal resistance
• A)low
• B)High
• C)zero
• D)infinite
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source V in series
with a resistor R by a current source is in parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa.
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION FOR INDEPENDENT SOURCES
Quick Quiz (POLL)
Using Source Transformation find the equivalent values of practical voltage
source, where IS = 10A, RS =2.5 ohms.
Also draw an equivalent circuit diagram with voltage source.
A) 25V ,series resistor 2.5 ohms
B) 25V ,parallel resistor 2.5 ohms
C) 10V ,series resistor 25 ohms
D) 10V ,series resistor 25 ohms
Can You Recall! (Poll )
MOSFET is an example of:
A. VCCS
B. CCVS
Can You Recall! (Poll)
The given figure represents:
A. Voltage source with R value infinity.
B. Voltage source with R value Zero
C. Voltage source with R value finite
D. Current source with R value finite
Nodal Analysis or Nodal Method
Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits
using node voltages as the circuit variables.
Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages as circuit
variables is convenient and reduces the number of equations one must
solve simultaneously.
Applicable to Nodes only.
Based on KCL
Used to find unknown Voltages
Steps to Determine Node Voltages
1. Select one nodes out of ‘n’ node as the reference node. Assign
voltages to the remaining nodes. The voltages are referenced with
respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the non-reference nodes.
3. Use Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node
voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown
node voltages.
Points to Remember
Selecting a node as the reference or datum node: The reference node is
commonly called as ground.
Method is Application of KCL+ Ohm’s Law Only
The number of non-reference nodes is equal to the number of
independent equations that we have to derive.
Current flows from a higher potential to a lower potential in a resistor
QUICK QUIZ (Poll 1)
For “N” number of nodes, the number of non-reference nodes is equal
to:
A. 2N
B. 2N 1
QUICK QUIZ (Poll 2)
Nodal analysis, which is based on KCL is used to find unknown:
A. Current
B. Voltage
C. none
Practice Problem i1
Find node voltages?
Step1. Find Reference Node i2 i4

Step2 Assign voltages to non reference nodes and i3 i5
assign current directions in each branch
Step3 apply KCL at node 1
i1=i2+i3 (1)
Step 4 apply ohms law to eq. (1)
5=(V1-V2)/4+(V1-0)/2
Thus, 3V1-V2=20 (2)
Step 5 apply KCL at node 2
i4 = i5 + i2 + i1 (3)
10 = (v2 - 0)/6 + (v2-v1)/4 + 5
Thus, rewrite as -3V1+5V2=60 (4)
Step 7 Solve 2 and 4
V1=40/3=13.333V AND V2 =20V Unknown

node
voltages
Steps to Determine Mesh Currents
1. Assign mesh currents to ‘n’ meshes
2. Apply KVL to each of the ‘n’ meshes.
3. Solve the resulting ‘n’ simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown mesh currents.
Practice Problem Find the branch currents and using mesh analysis.
Step1: label the loops and currents

Step2: Apply KVL in loop 1
15-5i1-10(i1-i2)-10=0
15-5i1-10i1-10i2-10=0
-15i1-10i2=-5
Or 5i1+2i2=1 (1)
Step 3: Apply KVL in loop 2
10-10(i2-i1)-6i2-4i2=0
10i1-20i2+10=0
-i1+2i2=1 (2)
Step 4 Solve i1 and i2
i1=1A and i2=1A

QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Mesh analysis, which is based on KVL is used to find unknown:
A. voltage
Recap Quiz (POLL 1)
Total number of nodes and meshes in the given circuit are:
A. n= 3, m=6
B. n= 4, m=6
C. n= 3, m=3
D. n= 4, m=3
Superposition Theorem
• If a circuit has two or more independent sources, one way to
determine the value of a specific variable (voltage or current) is to use
nodal or mesh analysis.
• Another way is to determine the contribution of each independent
source to the variable and then add them up. The latter approach is
known as the superposition.
• The idea of superposition rests on the linearity property.
Linearity Property
• Linearity is the property of an element describing a linear relationship
between cause and effect.
• The property is a combination of both the homogeneity (scaling)
property and the additivity property.
Homogenity: The homogeneity property requires that if the input (also called the
excitation) is multiplied by a constant, then the output (also called the response) is
multiplied by the same constant.
Additivity: The additivity property requires that the response to a sum of
inputs is the sum of the responses to each input applied separately.
Quiz (POLL 3)
Superposition theorem does not work for:
A. Current
B. Voltage
C. Power
D. All of these
Statement
“The superposition principle states that the voltage
across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit
is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or currents
through) that element due to each independent source
acting alone”.
Procedure to Apply Superposition Principle/Theorem
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source.
2. Find the output (voltage or current) due to that active source using any techniques
such as Ohm’s Law, KCL, KVL, Nodal/Mesh Analysis etc.
3. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
4. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the
independent sources.
Quick Quiz (POLL)
Superposition theorem is valid for:
A. Linear System
B. Non Linear System
C. Both types of system
D. None of them
Procedure to Apply Superposition Principle/Theorem
IMPORTANT POINTS:
1. We consider one independent source at a time while all other
independent sources are turned off. This implies that:
 Replace every voltage source by 0 V (or a short circuit), and
Replace every current source by 0 A (or an open circuit).
2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled by circuit
variables.
Find v using superposition
V1=2V,V2=8V
V=V1+V2=10V
Recap Quiz (POLL)
For dependent voltage/current source, we need to:
A. Replace them with internal resistances
B. Short circuit such sources
C. Open circuit such sources
D. Let them stay intact
Recap Quiz (POLL 1)
In superposition theorem, when we consider the effect of one current
source, all the other voltage sources are:
A. shorted
B. opened
C. removed
D. undisturbed
Thevenin’s theorem states that:
A linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source in
series with a resistor , where is the
open-circuit voltage at the terminals
and is the input or equivalent
resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off.
Example
STEPS:
1. VTH:
• Open the LOAD
• Find Voltage across LOAD
2. RTH:
• Open the LOAD
• Indep Sources----- Int. Resistance
(VS---Short circuit and CS---open circuit
• Dep. sources ------- Left intact
• Find Req. across LOAD terminal
Quiz (POLL)
Find Thevenin voltage in the following circuit:
A. 8 V
B. 8.5 V
C. 9 V
D. 9. 5 V
Quiz (POLL)
In the circuit shown in above question, Thevenin’s resistance between
terminals A and B is:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 2.7
D. 1.7
Quiz (POLL)
Thevenin's resistance Rth is found by:
A. By removing voltage sources along with their internal resistances
B. By short-circuiting the given two terminals
C. Between any two open terminals
D. Between same open terminals as for Vth
Quiz (POLL)
Thevenin voltage between two terminals, is equal to:
A. Short-circuit terminal voltage
B. Open-circuit terminal voltage
C. Net voltage available in the circuit
D. E.M.F. of the battery nearest to the terminals
Recap Quiz (POLL 1)
A. shorted
B. opened
C. removed
D. undisturbed
Quiz (POLL 2)
A. Linear System
D. None of them
• According to Thevenin’s theorem, the
linear circuit in Fig. (a) can be
replaced by that in Fig. (b).
• The circuit to the left of the terminals
in Fig. (b) is known as the Thevenin
equivalent circuit.
• It was developed in 1883 by M. Leon
Thevenin (1857–1926), a French
telegraph engineer.
Statement of Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin’s theorem states that:
a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source in series with a resistor , where is the
open-circuit voltage at the terminals and is the input or equivalent
resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are turned
off.
Example 1 1. VTH:
STEPS:
2 Find the current across 6 ohm Resistor
• Open the LOAD
6 ohm 2. RTH:
10 4
• Open the LOAD
• Replace Indep. Sources with their
Int. Resistance
Rth = 1.3 ohm Vth=6.66 V

Example 1 1. VTH:
STEPS:
Find the current across 6 ohm Resistor • Open the LOAD
2. RTH:
• Open the LOAD

Example 2
STEPS:
1. VTH:
• Open the LOAD
2. RTH:
• Open the LOAD
Quick Quiz (POLL)
A. 8 V
B. 8.5 V
C. 9 V
D. 9. 5 V
Quick Quiz (POLL)
A. 1
B. 2
C. 2.7
D. 1.7
Practice Numerical
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Figure, to
the left of the terminals. Then find the current through Ω.
STEPS:
1. VTH:
Open the LOAD
Find Voltage across LOAD
2. RTH:
Open the LOAD
Indep Sources----- Int. Resistance
Dep. sources ------- Left intact
Find Req. across LOAD terminal
STEPS:
1. VTH:
Open the LOAD
2. RTH:
Open the LOAD
Vth=30V Rth=4 ohm

STEPS:
1. VTH:
Open the LOAD
2. RTH:
Open the LOAD
Vth=30V Rth=4 ohm

Quick Quiz (POLL)
Quick Quiz (POLL)
Some questions on topics discussed till now
• Charge, current, voltage, electromagnetic induction, resistance,
inductance, permeability, resistivity, capacitance, permittivity, power,
energy, unit of electricity consumed, series and parallel connections,
series and parallel connections of resistors, inductors and capacitors.
• Active and passive components
• Independent and dependent sources
• KVL, KCL, Ohm’s Law
• Voltage division rule and Current division rule
• Superposition theorem and Thevenin’s theorem
Norton’s Theorem
• Statement : Norton’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit
can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source
IN in parallel with a resistor RN,
• where IN is the short-circuit current through the terminals and RN is the input
or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are
turned off.
Steps of Norton theorem
1. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the whole circuit except the
Load (Load resistance removed/opened), in the same way as the
Thevenin’s resistance was calculated, this resistance will be called as
Norton’s resistance RN (= RTH ).
2. Short the load and calculate the Norton’s Short Circuit Current (Isc
called IN) in the shorted path
3. Or alternatively , open the load and calculate the Thevenin’s Open
Circuit Voltage (VOC called VTH) in the opened path.
• Use source transformation technique here
• 1st step is essential and 2nd or 3rd step can be followed as per the convenience.
RN = RTH
IN = Isc = VTH/RN
Tutorial
• Find Norton Equivalent circuit of the circuit given below :
Solution Hint
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
• Statement : Maximum Power will
be delivered at the load if total
internal resistance is equal to the
load resistance.
• If RL = RTh, then
Tutorial
• Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit. Also
find the maximum power delivered to the load:
Solution Hint
Unit 1 : Tutorial
Prepared by
Haziqul Yaquin
ECE249
QUICK QUIZ (Poll )
1 Coulomb is same as: 2. What is the other unit of Current as
A. Watt /sec discussed above ?
B. Ampere/sec
A. Watt /sec
C. Joule-sec
B. Ampere/sec
D. Ampere-sec C. Coulomb/sec
D. Ampere-sec
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Calculate the current ratings of 100 Watt incandescent bulb and 15
Watt LED lamp operated with the domestic supply of 220 Volt?
A. Bulb = 0.068 A and LED = 0.45 A
B. Bulb = 0.45 A and LED = 0.068 A
C. Bulb =0.50 A and LED = 0.068 A
D. Bulb = 0.50 and LED = 0.68 A
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
From the previous question, it can be inferred that:
A. LED consumes 5 times more current than Bulb.
B. Bulb consumes 5 times more current than LED..
C. LED consumes 6.6 times more current than Bulb.
D. Bulb consumes 6.6 times more current than LED.
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Identify the passive element
A. Battery
B. Transformer
C. Transistor
D. OP-amp
E. None of these
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
What is the voltage across a capacitor at the time of switching, that is,
when t=0?
a) Infinity
b) 0V
c) Cannot be determined
d) 1V
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
The voltage and the conductance of
the given circuit is:
A. 30 V, 10 µS
B. 30 mV, 100 µS
C. 30 V, 100 µS
D. 30 mV, 10 µS
QUICK QUIZ (Poll 8)
The power of the given circuit is:
A. 60 mW
B. 70 mW
C. 80 mW
D. 90 mW
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
• How many branches and nodes does the given circuit have. Identify
the elements that are in series and in parallel
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
How many branches, nodes and
independent loops are present in
the given circuit?
A. b=3, n=5, l=6
B. b=5, n=3, l=6
C. b=5, n=3, l=3
D. b=3, n=5, l=3
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Find current across two resistors?
Example: To find
Recap (Poll)
A. 5
B. 10
C. 15
D. 20
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
A. 12
B. 17.1
C. 11.2
D. 29
QUICK QUIZ (Poll 9)
• In a car a 2 volt, 6 cells are connected in series ,then how much
voltage is provided by battery to car. In other way if 2 Volt ,6 cells are
connected in parallel then how much voltage is provided by battery to
car.
A)2V ,2V B)3V,6V C)12V,2V D) 0V,12V
QUICK QUIZ (Poll 1)
KCL equation for the given network is:
A. -
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Find voltages and in the given circuit:
QUICK QUIZ POLL
Q . Write the equation Q. Which of the following circuit will give Vab =7V
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) d
Quick QUIZ Poll
A)R1= 5 ohm R2=7.5 ohm R3=3ohm

B)R1= 10 ohm R2=7.5 ohm R3=5ohm
C)R1= 5 ohm R2=5 ohm R3=3ohm
D)R1= 10 ohm R2=7.5 ohm R3= 7ohm
Practice Problem Solution
Quick Quiz (Poll)
Q. Star connection is called as WYE connection
A)True
B) False
Q Find the equivalent delta circuit
a) 9.69 ohm, 35.71 ohm, 6.59 ohm

b) 10.69 ohm, 35.71 ohm, 6.59 ohm
c) 9.69 ohm, 34.71 ohm, 6.59 ohm
d) 10.69 ohm, 35.71 ohm, 7.59 ohm
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Resistance for the of the corresponding Figure is:
A. 100
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Q: If in a then =?
A. 3R
B. R/3
C. R
D. R/2
QUICK QUIZ (Poll 1)
Identify the type of dependent source used in the network:
A. VCCS
B. CCVS
QUICK QUIZ (POLL)
BJT is an example of :
A. VCCS
B. CCVS
QUICK QUIZ (POLL)
Ideal constant current source should have internal resistance
• A)low
• B)High
• C)zero
• D)infinite
Quick Quiz (POLL)
Using Source Transformation find the equivalent values of practical voltage
source, where IS = 10A, RS =2.5 ohms.
Also draw an equivalent circuit diagram with voltage source.
A) 25V ,series resistor 2.5 ohms
B) 25V ,parallel resistor 2.5 ohms
C) 10V ,series resistor 25 ohms
D) 10V ,series resistor 25 ohms
Can You Recall! (Poll )
MOSFET is an example of:
A. VCCS
B. CCVS
Can You Recall! (Poll)
The given figure represents:
A. Voltage source with R value infinity.
B. Voltage source with R value Zero
C. Voltage source with R value finite
D. Current source with R value finite
QUICK QUIZ (Poll 1)
For “N” number of nodes, the number of non-reference nodes is equal
to:
A. 2N
B. 2N 1
QUICK QUIZ (Poll 2)
Nodal analysis, which is based on KCL is used to find unknown:
A. Current
B. Voltage
C. none
Practice Problem i1
Find node voltages?
Step1. Find Reference Node i2 i4

Step2 Assign voltages to non reference nodes and i3 i5
assign current directions in each branch
Step3 apply KCL at node 1
i1=i2+i3 (1)
5=(V1-V2)/4+(V1-0)/2
Thus, 3V1-V2=20 (2)
Step 5 apply KCL at node 2
i4 = i5 + i2 + i1 (3)
10 = (v2 - 0)/6 + (v2-v1)/4 + 5
Thus, rewrite as -3V1+5V2=60 (4)
Step 7 Solve 2 and 4
V1=40/3=13.333V AND V2 =20V Unknown

node
voltages
Practice Problem Find the branch currents and using mesh analysis.
Step1: label the loops and currents

Step2: Apply KVL in loop 1
15-5i1-10(i1-i2)-10=0
15-5i1-10i1-10i2-10=0
-15i1-10i2=-5
Or 5i1+2i2=1 (1)
Step 3: Apply KVL in loop 2
10-10(i2-i1)-6i2-4i2=0
10i1-20i2+10=0
-i1+2i2=1 (2)
Step 4 Solve i1 and i2
i1=1A and i2=1A

QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Mesh Analysis to applicable to_____ type networks.:
A. Planar and Loop
B. Non planar and mesh
C. Planar and mesh
D. Non planar and Loop
QUICK QUIZ (Poll)
Mesh analysis, which is based on KVL is used to find unknown:
A. voltage
Home Work
Obtain the mesh currents in the given circuit?
Recap Quiz (POLL)
Total number of nodes and meshes in the given circuit are:
A. n= 3, m=6
B. n= 4, m=6
C. n= 3, m=3
D. n= 4, m=3
Quiz (POLL)
Superposition theorem does not work for:
A. Current
B. Voltage
C. Power
D. All of these
Quick Quiz (POLL)
A. Linear System
D. None of them
Find v using superposition
V1=2V,V2=8V
V=V1+V2=10V
Solve previous Question using Nodal Analysis
Quick Quiz (POLL)
Using Superposition Theorem, find ?
A) V1=2.4 V V2=5V
B) V1=2.4 V V2=5.5V S1
C) V1=.4 V V2=5V
D) V1=7.4V V2=5V S2
Recap Quiz (POLL)
For dependent voltage/current source, we need to:
A. Replace them with internal resistances
B. Short circuit such sources
C. Open circuit such sources
D. Let them stay intact
Recap Quiz (POLL 1)
A. shorted
B. opened
C. removed
D. undisturbed
Quiz (POLL 4)
A. 8 V
B. 8.5 V
C. 9 V
D. 9. 5 V
Quiz (POLL 5)
A. 1
B. 2
C. 2.7
D. 1.7
Quiz (POLL 6)
Quiz (POLL 7)
Example 1 1. VTH:
STEPS:
2 Find the current across 6 ohm Resistor
• Open the LOAD
6 ohm 2. RTH:
10 4
• Open the LOAD
• Replace Indep. Sources with their
Int. Resistance

Example 1 1. VTH:
STEPS:
Find the current across 6 ohm Resistor • Open the LOAD
2. RTH:
• Open the LOAD

Example 2
STEPS:
1. VTH:
• Open the LOAD
2. RTH:
• Open the LOAD
Quick Quiz (POLL)
A. 8 V
B. 8.5 V
C. 9 V
D. 9. 5 V
Quick Quiz (POLL)
A. 1
B. 2
C. 2.7
D. 1.7
Practice Numerical
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Figure, to
the left of the terminals. Then find the current through Ω.
STEPS:
1. VTH:
Open the LOAD
2. RTH:
Open the LOAD
STEPS:
1. VTH:
Open the LOAD
2. RTH:
Open the LOAD
Vth=30V Rth=4 ohm

STEPS:
1. VTH:
Open the LOAD
2. RTH:
Open the LOAD
Vth=30V Rth=4 ohm

Quick Quiz (POLL)
Quick Quiz (POLL)

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UNIT 1: DC CIRCUITS

An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements

• It is the energy (Work) required

Battery, Generator (Ac source) Resistance (R)

Examples Diodes, Transistors, SCR, Integerated Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor etc.

Permeability for free (µ0)

• S.I Unit: mho (ohm spelled backwards) or Siemens

Note: When all the n resistances

Thus total current i=i1+i2

Important points Regarding Resistance ,Inductance and Capacitance

• Taking Anti-clockwise direction(Def. 1):

• Voltage rise = Voltage drop

Is this a Star Connection?

A)R1= 5 ohm R2=7.5 ohm R3=3ohm

Q Find the equivalent delta circuit

a) 9.69 ohm, 35.71 ohm, 6.59 ohm

Voltage Source Current Source

Independent Dependent Independent Dependent

Current- Dependent Current- Dependent

• Dependent or Controlled depend on the voltage or current in another part of the

• VCVS is often used in modeling Operational Amplifiers (OP- AMPs )

• VCCS is often used in modeling MOSFETs.

• CCVS is often used in modeling delays and transient analysis.

• CCCS is often used in modeling Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)

Find node voltages?

Step1. Find Reference Node i2 i4

V1=40/3=13.333V AND V2 =20V Unknown

Step1: label the loops and currents

i1=1A and i2=1A

1. Turn off all independent sources except one source.

3. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.

Rth = 1.3 ohm Vth=6.66 V

Rth = 1.3 ohm Vth=6.66 V

Vth=30V Rth=4 ohm

Vth=30V Rth=4 ohm

A)R1= 5 ohm R2=7.5 ohm R3=3ohm

Q Find the equivalent delta circuit

a) 9.69 ohm, 35.71 ohm, 6.59 ohm

Find node voltages?

Step1. Find Reference Node i2 i4

V1=40/3=13.333V AND V2 =20V Unknown

Step1: label the loops and currents

i1=1A and i2=1A

Rth = 1.3 ohm Vth=6.66 V

Rth = 1.3 ohm Vth=6.66 V

Vth=30V Rth=4 ohm

Vth=30V Rth=4 ohm

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