University of Okara

Assignment : cell biology

Topic: chromatin material
Submitted by : Iqra liaqat
Submitted to : sir Ali umar
Chromatin
material
– Chromatin is a genetic
material or a macromolecule
comprising of DNA, RNA,
and associated proteins,
which constitute
chromosomes in the nucleus
of an eukaryotic cell.
Structure of
chromatin
– The structure of chromatin is
governed by a number of
factors. The complete
structure mainly depends on
the phases of the cell cycle.
They undergo various
structural changes during cell
division
– The structure of
chromosomes is clearly
visible under a light
microscope during
metaphase, which changes
their shape while the DNA is
duplicated and divided into
two cells.
Stages in
chromatin
group
– There are 3 stages in chromatin group:
– Nucleosomes are formed by the wrapping of
DNA around the histone proteins

– Multiple histones wrap into a 30 nm fibre

consisting of the nucleosome.

– Higher-level DNA packaging of the 30 nm

fibre into the metaphase chromosome.
Methods used to
analysis chromatin

– There are several methods to analysis chromatin

which are:
– Chromatin Immunoprecepitation
Sequencing
– A process mainly used for analyzing the
interactions of the protein with DNA.
– The binding sites of DNA
combined proteins are identified by the
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and
parallel DNA sequencing.
DNA
footprinting
– A technique mainly used for
identifying the DNA-binding
protein:
Micrococcal Nuclease
Sequencing

– A method mainly used for

studying about the
nucleosomes by digesting
chromatins. This sequence
mainly uses micrococcal
nuclease enzyme for
identifying the position of the
nucleosome throughout the
genome.
Functions of
chromatin
– This chromatin is located
within the cell nucleus. The
main functions of this genetic
material include:
– Preventing DNA damage.
– Tightly packing of the DNA
to fit into the cell
Functions

– Control the DNA replication and

gene expression.
– Support the DNA molecule to
permit the process of cell cycle –
meiosis and mitosis.