Convection Part1

External Flow
 Introduction
Recall: Convention is the heat transfer mode between a fluid
and a solid or a 2 fluids of different phases

In order to simplify the process we used Newton’s

correlation
q
 hT
A
Where h is the convective heat transfer coefficient also called the
film coefficient.

h is a function of: Fluid flow

Fluid properties
Geometry of the solid
There are four means to evaluate the heat transfer coefficient

1) Dimensional analysis
2) Exact analysis of boundary layer
3) Approximate integral analysis of the boundary
layer
4) Analogy between energy and momentum transfer

Significant Parameters:

Nusselt Number Nu
v T Ts 

Ts  T
x
The heat transfer rate between the surface and the fluid is
q y  hATs  T 

At the surface itself  

q y  kA T  Ts 
 y  y 0
Where k is the thermal conductivity of the fluid. Therefore:
 
 kA T  Ts   hATs  T 
 y  y 0
 
 y Ts  T 
h   y 0

k Ts  T 
 
 y Ts  T 
hL   y 0
Nu  
k Ts  T  L
 Prandtl Number Pr

Momentum Diffusivity 



k
Thermal Diffusivity 
C p

The ratio of the momentum diffusivity over the thermal diffusivity is

a combination of fluid properties and is also thougth of as a property
(Named Prandtl Number Pr).
C p
Pr 
k

Dependent on fluid and temperature

Dimensional Analysis of Convective Heat Transfer
Forced Convection: movement dictated by v
Variable Symbol Dimensions
Tube Diameter D L
Fluid density ρ M L-3
Fluid viscosity μ M L-1 t-1
Fluid heat capacity Cp Q M –1 T –1
Fluid thermal conductivity k Q t –1 L –1 T –1
Velocity v L t –1
Heat transfer coefficient h Q t –1 L –2 T –1
Using the Buckingham method we group the variables in
dimensionless number:
a b c d Dv
 1  D k  v   Re 


e f g h
C p
 2  D k  v Cp  Pr 
k
hL
 3  D i k j  k v l h  Nu 
k
This dimensional analysis for a forced convection in a circular
conduit indicates the possibility of correlating the variables as
Nu  f1 Re, Pr 
Similarly we could have developed the Stanton number instead of the
Nusselt
h
St 
vCp
Free Convection: movement dictated by buoyancy
Given the coefficient of thermal expansion β:    0 1  T 
Fbuoyant     0 g  g 0 T

Variable Symbol Dimensions

Significant length D L
Fluid density ρ M L-3
Fluid viscosity μ M L-1 t-1
Fluid heat capacity Cp Q M –1 T –1
Fluid thermal conductivity k Q t –1 L –1 T –1
Fluid Coef. Therm. Exp. β T –1
Gravitational acceleration G L t –2
Temperature difference ΔT T
Heat transfer coefficient h Q t –1 L –2 T –1
Using the Buckingham method we group the variables in
dimensionless number:
Cp
 1  La  b k c  d g eCp  Pr 
k
L3 g 2
f g h
2  L  k  g   i j
 3  Lk  l k m  n g o T  T
2
Define the Grashof number as  2 3  Gr
hL
 4  Lp  q k r  s g t h  Nu 
k
This dimensional analysis for a forced convection in a circular
conduit indicates the possibility of correlating the variables as

Nu  f 2 Gr , Pr 
 Nu vs Re

100 Pr = 2
Pr = 1
75
Pr = 0.5
Nu

50
25
0
100 1000 10000
Re
 Nu vs f ( Re,Pr)

Pr = 2
100
Pr = 1
75
Pr = 0.5
Nu

50
25
0
10 30 50 70
Re0.5 Pr 0.33
 Selected Dimensionless Groups
Group Symbol Definition Interpretation

Grashof Number Gr L3 g 2 T Ratio buoyancy to viscous forces

2

Colburn Factor jH 2 Dimensionless heat transfer coefficient

St Pr 3

hL
Nusselt Number Nu k Dimensionless surface temperature
gradient
C p
Prandtl Number Pr Ratio momentum to thermal diffusivity
k
Dv
Reynolds Re Ratio inertia to viscous forces

h
Stanton Number St Modified Nusselt number
vCp

Peclet Number Pe RePr Independent heat transfer parameter

 Flat Plate in Parallel Flow

Transition Region
Turbulent Flow
xv
Laminar Flow Re x 


Lv
Re L 

δ(x)

x
L

Properties of fluid evaluated at the film temperature Tf

T  Ts
Tf 
2
Forced Convection
Flat Plate in Parallel Flow
Laminar flow: Re<2 x 105 x
L
Prandtl number >0.6
The local Nusselt number is hx x 1 1
Nu   0.332 Re x Pr 3
2

hL L 1 1
The average Nusselt number Nu   0.664 Re x2 Pr 3
k
All Prandtl number and Pe >100
The local Nusselt number is 1
0.3387 Re x Pr 3
2
1

Nu 

1  0.0468 / Pr 
2
3
1
4

The average Nusselt number 1 1
0.6774 Re x Pr 3
2

Nu 

1  0.0468 / Pr 
2
3
1
4

Forced Convection
Flat Plate in Parallel Flow
Transition flow: Rec=5 x 105
60>Prandtl number >0.6 L
3 x 106 >Re > 2 x 105

The average Nusselt number

Nu 
hL L
k
 4
 1
 0.037 Re L5  871 Pr 3
Forced Convection
Flat Plate in Parallel Flow
Turbulent flow: Re>3x106
60>Prandtl number >0.6
107 >Re >3 x 106 L

The average Nusselt number

4 1
Nu  0.037 Re L Pr5 3

The local Nusselt number

4 1
Nu  0.0296 Re x Pr 5 3
 Cylinder in a Cross Flow
Transition
Laminar
Turbulent

v D Dv
Re D 

Re D  2 105 Separation
Properties of fluid
evaluated at the film
temperature Tf
v T  Ts
D Tf 
2

Re D  2 105
Separation
 Forced Convection
Cylinder in a Cross Flow
1
m
The average Nusselt number Nu D C Re Pr D
3

ReD C m
0.4-4 0.989 0.330
4-40 0.911 0.385

40-4000 0.683 0.466

4000-40,000 0.193 0.618

40,000-400,000 0.027 0.805

4
1
1
0.62Re Pr
2 3   Re  5
8  5

Nu D  0.3 D
1
1 D
 
If ReDPr>0.2   282000  
 
4

 0.4 2
3 
1 Pr 
 Forced Convection
Various Object in a Cross Flow
1
The average Nusselt number m
Nu D C Re Pr
D
3

Geometry ReD C m
Square
D 5x103-105 0.246 0.588
Square
D 5x103-105 0.102 0.675
Hexagon D 5x103-1.95x104 0.160 0.638
1.95x104 -105 0.0385 0.782
Hexagon D 5x103-105 0.153 0.638
Vertical Plate
D 4x103-1.5x104 0.228 0.731
 Sphere in a Cross Flow

Dv
Re D 

All properties of fluid evaluated at
temperature T , except μs at Ts

Restrictions 0.71 < Pr < 380

3.5 < ReD < 7.6x104

1
 1
3
2
0.4 
  4
Nu D 2 0.4Re D 0.06Re D Pr  
2
   s 
Bank of Tubes in a Cross Flow

Fluid in cross flow

over tube bank
 Aligned Bank of Tubes in a Cross Flow
SL
D
ST A1
v, T

Properties of fluid evaluated at the film temperature Tf

Dvmax  ST
vmax  v
Re D ,max  ST  D

 Staggered Bank of Tubes in a Cross Flow
SL
D
A1
ST
v, T

Dvmax 
Re D ,max 


Properties of fluid evaluated at the film temperature Tf

ST
2S D  D   ST  D  vmax  v
If ST  D

ST
vmax  v
else 2S D  D 
Number of row (NL) greater or equal to 10
2000 < ReD,max < 40000
Pr > 0.7
1
m
Nu D 1.13C 1Re D , max Pr 3

C1 in table 7.5

If number of row is smaller than 10

Nu D  N L 10 
 C2 Nu D  N L 10 

C2 in table 7.6
 Number of row (NL) greater or equal to 20
1000 < ReD,max < 2x106
500 > Pr > 0.7 1
 
4
0.36 Pr
Nu D C Re D ,max Pr 
m

 Prs 
C in table 7.7

If number of row is smaller than 10

Nu D  N L  20 
 C2 Nu D  N L  20 

C2 in table 7.8
Tin  Tout
All properties of fluid evaluated at the average temperature
except Pr at T 2
s s
In this case the temperature difference in the convective heat
transfer equation is defined as the log-mean temperature
difference ΔTlm
Tlm 
Ts  Ti   Ts  To 
ln
 Ts  Ti 
Ts  To 

Where Ti is the temperature of the fluid entering the bank

To is the temperature of the fluid leaving the bank
Ts  To   exp  DNh 
T  T   vN S Cp 
And the outlet temperature
s i can be estimated 
T Tusing

Where N is the total number h Dand

q' ofNtube TlmNT the transverse number
of tube. Finally the heat transfer rate per unit length is
 Packed Bed

Dv 
v Re D 


Properties of fluid evaluated at the the average temperature Tin  Tout

2
0.575
 jH  2.06 Re D

ε is the porosity or void fraction of the bed (0.3 to 0.5)

Valid for Pr  0.7

90  Re D  4000
gas flow
 Ts  To   exp  Ap ,T h 
Ts  Ti   vA Cp 
 c ,b 

q  h Ap ,T Tlm

Ap,T is the total area of the particles and

Ab,c is the bed cross sectional area