ANTIDERIVATIVES (INTEGRAL)

THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL AND THE BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS OBJECTIVES: know the relationship between differentiation and integration; identify and explain the different parts of the integral operation; and perform basic integration by applying the power formula and the properties of the indefinite integrals.

DEFINITION: ANTIDERIVATIVE (INTEGRAL)

Definition 5.2.1 (p. 322)

For example, the function an antiderivative f ( x) ! x 2 on interval (g,g) because for each x in of this interval F ' ( x) ! d 1 x ! x ! f ( x) .
3 2

F ( x) !

1 3 x is 3

dx 3

However, is not the only antiderivative of f on this interval. If we add any constant C to
1 3 x , 3

1 3 ( x) ! x 3

then the function

d 1 3 G ( x) ! x  C ! x 2  0 ! f ( x) dx 3

In general, once any single antiderivative is known, the other antiderivatives can be obtained by adding constants to the known derivative. Thus,
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 x , x  2, x  5, x  2 3 3 3 3

are all derivatives of

f ( x) ! x 2 .

5.2.2 THEOREM If F(x) is any antiderivative of f(x) on an open interval, then for any constant C the function F(x)+C is also an antiderivative on that interval. Moreover, each antiderivative of f(x) on the interval can be expressed in the form F(x)+C by choosing the constant C appropriately.

DEFINITION: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL The process of finding antiderivatives is called antidifferentiation or integration. Thus, if
d ? ( x)A! f ( x) dx

then integrating (or antidifferentiating) the function f(x) produces an antiderivative of the form F(x)+C. To emphasize this process, we use the following integral notation

f ( x)dx !

( x)  C

where: The expression is integral.

f ( x)dx

called an indefinite

is called an integral sign

the function f (x) is called the integrand and the constant C is called the constant of integration dx indicates that x is the variable of integration.

Some of the properties of the indefinite integral and basic integration formulas, which need no proof from the fact that these properties are also known properties of differentiation are listed below.
Properties of Indefinite Integral and Basic Integration Formula:
i. ii. iii.

dx ! x  C cf (x)dx ! c f (x)dx ! c [ f (x) s f (x) s ....s f

1 2 n

(x)  C

(x)]dx ! f1 ( x)dx s f 2 (x)dx s ... s f 3 (x)dx

x n1  C; n { 1 iv. x n dx ! n 1

Table 5.2.1 (p. 324)

EXAMPLE
Evaluate the following integral.

1. 3. 5.

dx
2

2.  6 x  7 dx

1 dx 5 x x dx 1 3 y y 2 2y3 dy

3 x

4. 6.

2 a

x b
2

3 2

dx

EXERCISES
Evaluate the following integral.

1.

5 x

dx  2 x  3
2

1  2 3 5 2. y  4 y  4 dy dt 3. 3 2 t

z 1 6. dz z 1
3

7. 8. 9. 10.

 2x e dx x
T

7x  4 x x 5 x
8x  36x  54x  27dx
3 2

7 3 4. 3  4 z  z dz 4 z
5.

t  5a dt

m  2  m dm
6

6