Hemant Ppt1

Wellness Sensors Networks: A Proposal and
Implementation
Hemant Ghayvat
Massey University, New Zealand
Supervisor: Co-Supervisor:
Prof.S.C.Mukhopadhyay Dr.Xiang Gui
Massey University, New Massey University, New
Zealand Zealand
PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015
Abstract
• Smart home solution based on wellness protocol.
• Forecast the wellness.

Overview of the presentation
1. Introduction
2. Related Work
3. Present system description
4. Methodology to address the issues
5. Timeline
6. Conclusion
7. So far research output

1.Introduction
1.1. Motivation to the home for tomorrow
a. Independent living
b. Enhance the comfort and lifetime
c.Tele health-services
d. Efficient use of electricity
e. Safety and security
1.2 Smart home environment
1.3 Modules of smart home
a. Sensors and Actuators
b. Controller and processing unit
c. Radio communication module
d. Defined network protocol
e. Local Home gateway and server


1.Introduction
• Objective:
 Injecting intelligence and smartness
 Context aware

1.Introduction
1.1.Motivation to the home for tomorrow
a. Independent living.
 Revolution of independent living
 Modern approach
 By New Zealand Government statics, one-person
households are estimated to be quickest-rising household
type. one person household supposed to increase by 240,000
from 363,000 in 2006 at 23% to 602,000 in 2031 at 29%.

Living Alone Statistics (As a percent of all households)

Country Percent of Households
1 Sweden 47 %
2 Britain 34 %
3 Japan 31 %
4 Italy 29 %
5 U.S. 28 %
6 Canada 27 %
7 Russia 25 %
8 South Africa 24 %
9 Kenya 15 %
10 Brazil 10 %
11 India 3%
Source: Euro monitor International, U.S. Census

Research Date: 4.28.2013

Euromonitor a research firm, forecasts that the world will
add up 48m new alone household by 2020, a sharp increase
of 20%.

a. Independent living. Different age groups
One person households by Age and Sex, 1970 to 2012 in US

a. Independent living. Recent news and headlines
According to the news from The New Zealand Herald

March 2013, a 37-year-old woman, Kirstine Hill, lay
dead in her Hastings home for up to three weeks before
her death was revealed. Police got her body in the
kitchen of her semi-detached flat. A neighbor said
afterward: "Like most people live here, we keep to
ourselves"

1.Introduction
1.1.Motivation to the home for tomorrow
b. Enhance the comfort and life time
c. Health services
d. Efficient use of electricity
e. Safety and security

1.Introduction
1.2. Smart home environment
 Different definitions
 Modern computing with sensing technology
 Context aware, automated and assisted service

Smart home features

1.Introduction
1.3. Modules of smart home

2. Related work:
2.1 Introduction
a. Remote monitoring and control: GAS, Electricity and Water
b. Signal assistance: BAN
c. Household use of Information and Communication
technology: In New Zealand four in five homes connected to
the internet, in 2012, 1.3 million New Zealand homes (80%)
had some sort of internet service. Since 2009 it has increased
by 5% and it is expected to reach 100% within few years.

2. Related work:
2.2 Smart homes research around the world:
a. In New Zealand and Australia
 HCAmI
• (Human Comfort Ambient Intelligence System, by AUT Uni.
• Upper layers of wireless communication
 iMonitor
• Commercial service for real time monitoring

2. Related work:
b. In the USA
 AHRI
• Aware Home Research Initiative is academic research project
based at Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue,
Atlanta, Georgia, the USA.
• Context aware concept
• Reactive environment

 AHRI

2. Related work:
b. In the USA
 CASAS
• The Center for Advanced Studies in Adaptive Systems, is a
smart home project implemented at Washington State
University.
• Home comfort, Automation and Energy saving.

2. Related work:
b. In the USA
 AgingMo
• Elderly assisted living developed at the Tiger Place University
of Missouri, USA
•

b. In the USA
 AgingMo

2. Related work:
c. In ASIA
 PAPI
• Toyota Dream Home developed in Japan
•

c. In ASIA
 PAPI

2. Related work:
d. In Europe
 myGEKKO
• Commercial smart home solution provide by Italian company

2. Related work:
d. In Europe
 MATCH
• Mobilising Advanced Technologies for Care at Home
• The Universities of Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Stirling
• Monitoring and Pattern generation

d. In Europe
 MATCH

3. Present system Description:
3.1 ZigBee Protocol applied to presents system
a. Digi XBee-ZigBee overview:
• ZigBee Alliance and its Mesh network along with IPv6 (in the
recent years) standardized the protocol
• (ISM) frequency band
b. Topology and device configuration:
• ZC
• ZR
• ZED
• ZEDR

c & d. Forming a network and channel selection :
• PAN ID
• MAC address
• Good channel
• Series of RF signal scanning

e. Operation :
• Configure XBee module by XCTU
Placement of heterogeneous wireless sensor units Using XBee

(ZigBee) protocol in an old home
e. Operation :

e. Operation :

3.2 Problem formulation
a. Security, Trust and Privacy Boundary.
b. Reliability and Reliability metrics.
c. Big data handling
d. Internet of things

a. Security, Trust and Privacy Boundary.
I. Packet delivery parameters:
II. Latency:
III. Interference:
IV. Results and analysis

I. Packet delivery parameters:
• PDR (%) =*100
• PSR (%) = *100
• PER (%) =*100
• PLR (%) =*100

II. Latency.
Total received delay time= Time on –air (TA) + Time on-air Ack
(TACK) + Time upload (TSCI) + Propagation time (Tp)
III. Link quality metrics: Affected by IS mostly

a. RSSI
Pr =Pt .Gt. Gr ( ) 2
RSSI=10

III. Link quality metrics: Affected by IS mostly

b. Signal to noise ratio (SNR):
SNR (dbm) = RSSI -Noise
c. LQI

IV. Results and analysis: Single hop setup and Chip antenna
100
PDR with 1 obstruction
80 PDR with 3 obstruction
60
PDR (%)
40
20
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Distance between Tx15th
PhD Confirmation andJan
Rx2015
(meters)
IV. Results and analysis: Wire antenna
100
80
PDRobs1
60 PDRobs2
PDRobs3
PDR(%)
PDRobs4
40
20
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Distance between Tx and Rx (meters)
IV. Results and analysis: Chip antenna
100
PSRobs1
PSRobs2
98 PSRobs3
PSRobs4
96
PSR(%)
94
92
90
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
100
PSRobs1
PSRobs2
PSRobs3
98
PSRobs4
PSR (%)
96
94
92
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10
PERobs1
8 PERobs2
PERobs3
PERobs4
6
PER (%)
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
8
PERobs1
PERobs2
6 PERobs3
PERobs4
PER (%)
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16

100
PLRobs1
80 PLRobs2
PLRobs3
PLRobs4
60
PLR(%)
40
20
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
100
PLRobs1
80 PLRobs2
PLRobs3
PLRobs4
60
PLR(%)
40
20
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
IV. Results and analysis: Multi-hop Mesh
100
PLRobs1
80 PLRobs2
PLRobs3
PLRobs4
60
PLR(%)
40
20
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1. Motivation to the home for tomorrow
A. Independent living:
B. Enhance the comfort:
C. Tele health-services:
D. Efficient use of electricity:
E. Safety and Security

Motivation to the home for tomorrow
One of the modest fascinating transformations has been the historic
rise in the figure of the people who live alone. Moreover, it is a
phenomenon that is spread across the globe. The surprising
escalation of unsocial living is the major social change that we have
ignored to recognize .
Table 1: It shows the statics of household live alone; it includes all
age groups [5].
Living Alone Statistics (As a percent of all households)
Country Percent of Households
1 Sweden 47 %
2 Britain 34 %
3 Japan 31 %
4 Italy 29 %
5 U.S. 28 %
6 Canada 27 %
7 Russia 25 %
8 South Africa 24 %
9 Kenya 15 %
10 Brazil 10 %
11 India 3%
Source: Euro monitor International, U.S. Census
Research Date: 4.28.2013

Euromonitor, a research firm, forecasts that the world will add up 48m new
alone household by 2020, a sharp increase of 20%, as shown in figure.

Age between 15-64 is more as compare to 65 plus

By New Zealand Government statics one-person households are

estimated to be quickest-rising household type, one person household
supposed to increase by 240,000 from 363,000 in 2006 at 23% to
602,000 in 2031 at 29% [11].
Recent unfortunate news about living alone:

New Zealand Herald March 2013:
A 37-year-old woman, Kirstine Hill, lay dead in her Hastings home for up
to three weeks before her death was revealed. Police got her body in
the kitchen of her semi-detached flat. A neighbor said afterwards: "Like
most people along here, we keep to ourselves."
New Zealand Herald April 2013:
The body of Palmerston North man Lewis Clarkson was found after
neighbors saw flies at his bedroom window. He had been dead for up
to three weeks. Clarkson had only just moved up from Christchurch to
pursue his business studies at Massey University. His estranged sister
lived a few streets away.


Research shows the people who lives alone at a higher risk of mental and
physical health issues. According to health issue of Mail Online that
shows people who lives alone more likely to get under depression. When
people get into the depression, they automatically come under many
health risks such as self-harm, malnutrition and far most is suicidal
tendency.

1.Motivation to the home for tomorrow
B. Enhance the comfort and Life time:
In the 21st century, Science developments have allowed us to enhance
the comfort and housing offered by home environment.
Understanding the user behavior into the home ambient is useful in
making home environment more smart and relative towards our
necessities
It’s not just
hype
New Science
could lead to
very long lives

C. Tele health-services:
Recent technological advancements have magnificent potential to offer
tele health services for individual who lives alone. The intelligent
ambient integrated with home becoming the center point of upbeat
health care.

D. Efficient use of electricity:
One of major aim of smart home technology is to enhance the
people’s comfort with maximizing power savings.
E. Security:

2. Why smart homes?
Convenience Peace of mind Control
“It allows me to be “I can track things when “I like just being

lazy” I’m not there and know in control”
that…it’s…secure”

3. Contents of smart home

4.Assisted living: Old Age, Need Assistance…….

4.Assisted living: The concept of Ambient Assisted Living
• To extend the time, people can live in their preferred environment by increasing their
autonomy, self-confidence and mobility;
• Support maintaining health and functional capability of the elderly individuals;
Ref: http://www.aal-europe.eu/
4.Assisted living : Why do we need Assisted Living?
• Can advancement in sensing cum instrumentation technology, embedded controller,

wireless communications
– enable the home safer for the people to regain their capability of independent
living?
We believe the answers are Yes!
The WSN based Assisted Living system will help the inhabitant NOT ONLY ELDERLY to
live independently in a smart environment.

4. Assisted living: Directions of Assisted Living Research
1. Use of Camera and Vision-based

2. Wearable-sensors based
3. Appliance Monitoring for newly-build home
4. Sensors to be fitted in an old-home

4.Assisted living : Objective of our research
1. Design of a SMART Home for every individual
2. A SAFE, SOUND and SECURED Living Environment
3. A low-cost system that can be affordable by almost everyone.
4. In integrated health-care platform which not only provide the current condition but
also predict future trend of health status.

Related work:
Visited homes with modern automation systems
Interviewed 10 people across 10 homes
Home Tour
Semi-Structured Questionnaire
Inventory
Interview

Related work:
CASAS project: Washington State University, USA

Related work:
Georgia Tech’s “Aware-Home project” at Atlanta, USA

Related work:
University of Missouri, “Tiger Place”, USA

Related work: Current on-going research (a few)
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Place Lab)
• University of Missouri-Columbia (Tiger Place – Smart Home for
the Elderly)
• University of Virginia (Assisted Living Oriented Information
Systems)
• UC Berkeley (Great Duck Island on Environmental Monitoring)
• Washington State University (CASAS Smart Home Project)
• University of Florida (Matilda System)
• “Welfare Techno-Houses”, Japan
• Grenoble and PROSAFE at Toulouse, France
TIGER PLACE, Missouri PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

Related work: A few patents on the topic
[1] Kiluk C, “Method in alarm system, including recording of energy consumption”, US Patent
No. US4990893, 5th February 1991.
[2] Lane SS, Chadbourne C, Buller WT and Steiger SA, “Method of user monitoring of
physiological and non-physiological measurements”, US patent No. US6002994, 14th
December 1999.
[3] Yoshiike N, Hattori A, Morinaka K, Inoue S and Tanaka S, “Home monitoring system for
health conditions”, European Patent No. EP1071055A1, 24th January 2001.
[4] Yoshiike N, Hattori A, Morinaka K, Inoue S and Tanaka S, “Home monitoring system for
health conditions”, European Patent No. EP1071055B1, 22nd December 2004.
[5] Yoshiike N, Hattori A, Morinaka K, Inoue S and Tanaka S, “Behavior determining
apparatus, care system, care residence and behaviour information specifying apparatus and
system”, US patent No. US6796799, 28th September 2004.
[6] Monroe DA, “Multimedia surveillance and monitoring system including network
configuration”, US patent No. US6970183, 29th November 2005.
[7] Davis-Havill JR and Walley JL, “Biomechanical monitoring apparatus”. World Intellectual
Property Organization, WO05120348A1, 22nd December 2005.
[8] Cuddihy PE, Weisenberg JM, Ganesh M and Graichen CM, “System and method for
determining periods of interest in home of persons living independently”, US patent No.
US7091865, 15th August 2006.

Present system
A. Description of present system

B. Performance issues and limitation
C. Issues with ZigBee protocol

Wellness protocol based smart home
• Why this new protocol?

• Protocol structure
• Description of new system

WSN Assisted Intelligent Integrated Healthcare
Platform for Wellbeing and Independent Living
The healthcare platform consists of
1. Appliances Monitoring Unit

2. Physiological parameters monitoring unit
3. Human Posture and Position Detection Unit
4. Human Emotion Recognition Unit
5. Automatic Medicine Dispenser Unit
6. Speech Based Home Automation
7. Power Management Unit
8. Robust Supervisory Control Unit
9. Safety Box Unit
Placement of heterogeneous sensors in an old house built in 1940

Sensing Units-HMS

Wireless Sensors Network Based Physiological
Parameters Measurement
K. Kaur, S. C. Mukhopadhyay et. al.,, “A Zigbee Based Wearable Physiological Parameters Monitoring System”, EEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3, March
2012, pp. 1923-1930. PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015
Human Emotional State Recognition Unit
ŶŐƌǇ, ĂƉƉǇ ^ĂĚ EĞƵƚƌĂů

Intelligent Building – Smart Power Management and WSN
Sensing Device + Lamp

Xbee End Device
Heater
Xbee Kettle
Coordinator
Toaster
Washing
Machine
Extending the Life time of a WSN
V...
4.5
4
3.5
Voltage(Volts)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2012/10/24 00:00 2012/10/25 00:00 2012/10/26 00:00

Medicine Dispenser Unit

Real-Time Clock and
Micro Controller Automatic
Control Unit, ZigBee ZigBee Based
based Opening + Electronic
based Wireless Wireless
Locking Medicine
Communications Receiver Unit Arrangement Dispenser
(Central Coordinator) PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015
Robust Supervisory Control Unit of
Home Monitoring System

Activities of
Daily Living
Monitoring
Unobtrusive
Health
Wellness Physiological
Determination Informatics Monitoring
System
Wearable and
- Non - Invasive
Non-Wearable
Environmental
Monitoring
Functional Blocks of Health Informatics System for

Wellbeing and Independent Living
Key Components – Health Informatics System
Information
Wireless Processing
Instrumentation Communication
Sensing Objects
 Information and Communication Technology

• Compatibility of Sub-Systems
• Flexibility
• Robust
• Real-Time Processing of Data
Key software components

Human Wellness Domestic Objects usage

AAL Services Recognition of
Trend through
Determination
Human ADL’s

(Energy Consumption) Time Series Data

(Human Physiological)
β1, β2

Mining

Smart Home Monitoring System
Remote Internet
Sensors Data Interoperability www.iots2is.org
Acquisition
Health Care
Data Provider/
Relatives/
Base Tele-Care Services

WSN
Wellness of an Independent Living Person
• How “Well” a person living alone in their home is
able to perform their essential daily activities in
terms of using household appliances?
• Performance of Daily Activities
Performance behavior
• Livelihood activities are Cyclic

• Monitor usage of household objects for
recognizing the habitual nature of the person.
Wellness Indices
Inactive usage measurement of appliances β1 =
1 – t/T
t = Time of Inactive duration of all appliances
(i.e.) duration of time during which no appliances are used.
T= Maximum inactive duration during which no appliances are
used under normal condition.
Excess usage measurement of appliance

β2 = 1 + (1 – Ta / Tn)
Ta= Actual(Current) usage duration of a appliance.
Tn = Maximum usage time of appliance under normal
condition.
Suryadevara N.K, Mukhopadhyay S.C, “Wireless Sensor Network based Home Monitoring System for Wellness
Determination of Elderly”, IEEE Sensors Journal-2012, Vol: 12 Issue: 6, Page(s): 1965 – 1972
• Domestic objects are used at regular time
intervals in the day to day life
• Usage durations and the frequency of use
are varied
• “Human behaviours in constant contexts recur,
because the processing that initiates and
controls their performance becomes automatic”
• “Frequency of past behaviour reflects the habit
strength and has a direct effect on future
performance”
WSN-Communication
Using XBee Module
• IEEE-ZigBee Protocol, ISM 2.4 GHz frequency
Configuration:
Mesh Topology-Reliable Data Transmission.
Sampling Rate:
Depending on the Type of Sensing Unit.

Limitations of wellness functions
• Seasonal variations such as day of the week,
weekly, monthly are not taken into consideration
therefore it is likely that more false warning
messages will be generated.
• The threshold value of wellness indices was derived

to 0.5 and has been considered as safe limit beyond
which a warning message is sent to the
elderly/healthcare provider regarding the daily
activity behaviour.
(Need for Dynamic Wellness Functions)
Suryadevara N.K, Mukhopadhyay S.C, “Wireless Sensor Network based Home Monitoring System for Wellness
Determination of Elderly”, IEEE Sensors Journal-2012, Vol: 12 Issue: 6, Page(s): 1965 – 1972
Do Elderly People Accept This Technology?
A survey (with related questionnaire) has been conducted

among many elderly people in many places and also
informal discussion.
The elderly feels it may be useful to have the system if

that doesn’t intrude their privacy.
Trial has been conducted in New Zealand at personal

home.

Where do we go from here?
• Building on the present system
– Ability to incorporate additional household sensor
– Optimum Number of Sensors selection
– Ready for commercialisation
Issues involved
– Handling of large data (Big Data) from
heterogeneous sensors (Storage and Visualization)
– Sampling rate (Communication protocol in relation
to receiving continuous data with heterogeneous
sensors)

Commercialisation? Issues involved:
Security (Sensitive Private Data) and Ethical issue
Joint Government and Private Enterprise
Need to convince elderly people that Technology

Assisted Home are Safer for them and will not make
them more lonely.
The technology assisted home will alert the caregiver in

advance about the trend of the health status, so that
necessary precaution can be taken.
Smart homes opening doors to hacker crooks
http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=10905939
July 31, 2013
"Connecting things to a network opens up a whole range of vectors of attack, and when you
are talking door locks, garage doors, and alarm controls it gets scary."
"If someone can access your home network, but doesn't have a key to your home, they
can still unlock your door and get in,"
Design challenge on Security of Network: A lot of work is going on

the design of security protocol.
Security in terms of misusing personal behaviour data is not a real

issue.
Summary
• A WSN Assisted and Embedded Processing based smart home.
• The integrated system is able to support people who wish to live

independently.
• The system can measure the physiological parameters and recognise

emotion as well as determine the wellness of the inhabitant living
alone at home.
• The developed system is robust and is possible to develop at a low

cost due to indigenous development.
• The system will inform the health status of the inhabitant to the
caregiver in advance, thus can help to avoid of any unnoticed death.

Thank You
Questions & Comments


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Wellness Sensors Networks: A Proposal and

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

Source: Euro monitor International, U.S. Census

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

One person households by Age and Sex, 1970 to 2012 in US

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

According to the news from The New Zealand Herald

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

Smart home features

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

Placement of heterogeneous wireless sensor units Using XBee

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

III. Link quality metrics: Affected by IS mostly

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

III. Link quality metrics: Affected by IS mostly

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

By New Zealand Government statics one-person households are

Recent unfortunate news about living alone:

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

Convenience Peace of mind Control

“It allows me to be “I can track things when “I like just being

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

• Support maintaining health and functional capability of the elderly individuals;

• Can advancement in sensing cum instrumentation technology, embedded controller,

We believe the answers are Yes!

PhD Confirmation 15th Jan 2015

1. Use of Camera and Vision-based