FORENSIC 105

LIE DETECTION
TECHNIQUE
 UNIT 3
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF
POLYGRAPH
• In the middle of 19th century, Dr. Hans Gross defined “search for
truths” as a basis and goal of all criminal investigations. He stated, “a
large part of criminal work is nothing more than a battle against lies.
ANGELO MOSSO (1895)
• He studied fear and its influence on the heart.
• He developed the sphygmomanometer, this instrument was designed
to measure the flow of blood while a person lay on his back in a prone
position.
CESARE LOMBROSO (1936-1909)
• He employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception, which
is known as hydrosphymograph, this instrument measures changes in
pulse and blood pressure when suspects were asked about their
involvement in or knowledge of specific response.
• He was accorded the distinction of being the first person to utilize an
instrument for the purpose of detecting lies.
WILLIAN MOULTON MARSTON (1915)
• He was considered as the father of modern polygraphy. He
experimented the blood pressure, respiration and skin resistance as
the basis for the responses of a person and can be use in detecting
lies.
JOHN LARSON (1921)
• He devised the very first practical polygraph in 1921. His instrument
gave a continuous recording of blood pressure and respiration.
• He devised the first two recording channel polygraph in the history.
LEONARDE KEELER
• He invented the “Keeler Polygraph” which is an improvement of
Larson’s apparatus. This apparatus was with components for
recording, blood pressure, pulse and respiratory changes. A
galvanometer what is known as the galvanic skin reflex generally
referred to as GSR.
VITTORIO BENUSSI (1914)
• He detected deception with a pneumograph, an instrument that
graphically measures the inhalation and exhalation.
• He presented a paper before the second meeting of the Italian Society
for Psychology in Rome, on the subject of his experiments regarding
respiratory symptoms of lying.
HAROLD BURTT (1918)
• He determine that respiratory changes were indication of deception.
He found out that changes in blood pressure were of greater value in
determining deception than in changes in respiratory.
LUIGI GALVANI
• He is an Italian physiologist who was accorded the distinction for
developing galvanic skin reflex (GSR) of the galvanometer, which
records electrical bodily resistance, it reflected emotional changes by
measuring changes in person skin resistance to electricity.
STICKER (1897)
• He made the first suggestion for using galvanograph for detecting
deception based on the works of several predecessors.
SIR JAMES MCKENZIE (1960)
• He invented the ink in the polygraph.
• A famous heart specialist. It was said that polygraph exist as early as
1906 but it is not being used to detect deception.
RICHARD O. ARCHER (1953)
• The first polygraphist to record simultaneously on a regular basis the
chest and abdominal breathing patterns. He was also the first on to
record simultaneously two galvanic skin reflexes.
RICHARD I. GOLDEN (1969)
• He presented a paper at the annual seminar of American polygraph
association at Houston, Texas regarding his experiments using existing
control question techniques but requiring the subject to answer each
question twice. The first time truthfully and the second time with a
lie, for the purpose of requiring additional data from the examinee by
comparing his subjective truthful answer with a known lie to the
same question.
ANTON MESMER
• In 1778, he was the first one to introduce hypnotism as a method of
detecting deception.
ALLEN BELL (1972)
• He is an American inventor who developed a device called
Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE). This instrument detects slight
trembling in the voice, which may be interpreted to determine if the
person is telling the truth.
 CHAPTER 2
LIES AND EQUIPMENTS
 UNIT 1
TYPES OF LIAR & LIES
What is Lie?

•It refers to either untruthful or

falsehood statements; any acts that
deceives or creates false
impression. It is also synonymous to
deceit, deception, or fabrication.
What is meant by “Detection?

•This simply refers to the act of

detecting, discovering, perceiving,
finding, or uncovering something
hidden or obscure
Why do people Lie?
What are Common Types of Liars?

• Lying can be devastating, it does not only

hurt the one who is being lied to, but it also
hurts the one who tells it. Lying is a
common denominator in many of our lives
and recognizing some of the different types
might help us in dealing with the liar in our
lives.
Panic Liar

•A person who lies in order to avoid

the consequences of confession. He
or she afraid of embarrassment to
loved ones and is a serious blow to
his or her ego.
Occupational Liar

•Is someone who lied for years. This

person is a practical liar and lies
when it has a higher payoff than
telling the truth.
Tournament Liar

•A person who loves to lie and is excited

by the challenge of not being detected.
He views an interview as another
contest to won. He lies because it is the
only weapon remaining with which to
fight.
Ethnological Liar

•A person who was trained not to be

a squealer. This person loves to be
interrogated and has taken a creed
either personal or with others, that
he or she will never reveal the
truth.
Psychopathic Liar

•This type of liar has no

conscience. He shows no regret
for his dishonest actions and no
manifestations of guilt.
Pathological Liar

•A person who cannot

distinguish the right from
wrong. This are those person
who is mentally sick.
Black Liar

• A person who always pretend and a

hypocrite.
Types of Lies
Lie of Omission

•This is a type of lie that people usually

used because it is simple to tell.
Individuals who will make use of this
type of lie will tell the truth while
omitting details that could create
possible troubles.
Lie of Fabrication

•This is the most difficult type of lie

that a subject could use in an
interview.
Lie of Minimization

•In this type of lie individual will accept

that something occurred but downplays
the indication. Lie of minimization could
be used if a subject wanted to stay close
to the truth, however, he covers the
truth for his or her own benefit.
Lie of Exaggeration

• This is a lie often used to exaggerate things

for the hope of obtaining some advantage.
This is also often found on resume, where
applicant exaggerates his or her
experiences, knowledge, skills, salary, and
length of service.
White Lie
• Used to maintain harmony of friendship \,
harmony of home or office.
 UNIT 2
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
OF LYING
Signs of Lying
(Verbal Clues)
Methods of Responding to the Question

•The way the respondent answer the

question is clue of deception. In
general truthful people tend to be
direct, untruthful people tend to be
cautious about their answers.
Length of Time before giving response

In general, truthful persons

answer questions immediately
after the question is asked,
untruthful persons take their
time in giving responses.
Repitition of Questions

• The act of repeating the question is another

means for the deceiver to gain time to
frame his or her answer. The question may
be repeated word for word, or the
respondent may frame the answer with a
request to repeat the question?
Fragmented or Incomplete Sentences

•Untruthful person often speak in

disjointed or curtailed sentences. This is
usually because he has started to
answer, then though better of it.
Being Overly Polite

•Untruthful subjects are more likely

to be polite to the accuser, using
pleasing term such as, sir or ma’am,
boss or chief.
Oaths

•Lying persons will frequently utter oaths,

such as, I swear to God I didn’t do it or I
swear on my Father’s grave. Most
truthful people do not need to swear or
affirm, they are confident with their
denials.
Clarity of Response

•Honest people tend to be very clear

in their answers, while untruthful
persons tend to speak softly and
broaden their answers.
Assertiveness

• Truthful person are confident about their

innocence, while deceitful ones are not
confident unless they are practice liars.
Truthful people will respond directly
without waiver or qualifications; while
deceptive people tend to respond indirectly
with waivers and qualifications.
Inconsistencies

•Contradicting testimonies made by

a person is one of the best indicator
of dishonesty.
Pauses

Gap in speech patterns may be one reliable

clue to deception. The examiner should
assess in speech pauses if it is too long, too
frequent, or which occur at inappropriate
places.
Speed of Speech

Persons who are tense or upset

frequently increases the swiftness of
their speech, who tend to run together
and the conversation could be
fragmented.
 Signs of Lying
(Non-Verbal Clues)
Emblems

• They are often performed deliberately,

these are expressions made with the body,
whose meaning are clearly understood.
Here are the example of emblems: Shaking
or nodding of the head, shrugging of
shoulders, the thumb up sign, etc.
Manipulators
• These are usual behavior of touching one’s self. It
encompass grooming of the hair, wringing the hands,
picking imaginary fu from coat. Manipulators may go
on for several minutes or may last for a short time.
Props, like cigarettes, cellphone , pencil can be use as
manipulators. It is usually done by untruthful subject
for them not to focus on the question and answer to
avoid detection, instead they are converting their
attention to other objects.
Breathing

•Although breathing is an involuntary

movement, breathing is very much
affected by stress especially when lying.
Sweating
• This is another uncontrollable body function.
Perspiration occurs with heat as well as with
emotion. Too much sweating could be an
indicator of deception.
Frequent Swallowing

•A dry mouth frequently

accompanies deep emotion.
Increased swallowing that will
lead to dry mouth might
indicate deception.
Facial Muscles

• Facial muscles is not easy to control.

Example: to force a smile is easy, but even
beginners will notice that it is not a genuine
smile. This can be used in detecting
deception
Eyes

•The eyes most likely to express emotion.

The failure to have an eye to eye contact
is a great indicator of deception. This
action indicates that a person is hiding
something.