Measurements

Chapter Four

Measurement Systems Analysis

Measurement accuracy and
precision

Measurement Systems Anal

Accuracy and precision
 Measurements are said to be accurate if
their tendency is to center around the
actual value of the entity being
measured.
 Measurements are precise if they differ
from one another by a small amount.
 What can you say about the causes
relating to each type?

Measurement Systems Anal

Measurement Systems
Analysis

2 2 2
 observed  product  gage

Measurement Systems Anal

Measured Value
Measured
Value = ƒ(TV + Ac + Rep + Rpr)
TV = true value
Ac = gauge accuracy
Rep = gauge repeatability
Rpr = gauge reproducibility

Measurement Systems Anal

Measurement system
components
 Equipment or gage
• Type of gage
• Attribute: go-no go, vision systems
(part present or not present)
• Variable: calipers, probe, coordinate
measurement machines
• Unit of measurement - usually at least 1/10
of tolerance
 Operator and operating instructions
Measurement Systems Anal
Measurement error
 Measurement error is considered to be
the difference between a value measured
and the true value.

Measurement Systems Anal

Types of gage variation
 Systematic variation
• Accuracy - improper calibration
• Reproducibility - different persons using
same equipment with different techniques
 Periodic variation
• Stability - wear, deterioration, environment
 Random variation
• Repeatability (unable to locate part to be
measured)
Measurement Systems Anal
Types of measurement
variation
 Accuracy

 Stability

 Reproducibility

 Repeatability

Measurement Systems Anal

Accuracy
Difference between the true average and the
observed average.
(True average may be obtained by using a more precise measuring
tool)

Accuracy or
mean bias

True average

Observed
average

Measurement Systems Anal

Stability
The difference in the average of at least 2 sets of
measurements obtained with a gage over time.
Stability

Time 1 Time 2

Measurement Systems Anal

Reproducibility
Variation in average of measurements made by different
operators using the same gage measuring the same part.

True Average

Operator C
Operator B

Operator A

Measurement Systems Anal

Repeatability
The random variation in measurements when one
operator uses the same gage to measure the same part
several times.
Observed Average

True Average

Repeatability

Measurement Systems Anal

How do we improve gage
capability?
 Reproducibility
• operator training, or
• more clearly define measurement scale
available to the operator
 Repeatability
• gage maintenance
• gage redesign to better fit application

Measurement Systems Anal