Important results of Hilbert space

Name – Dharmendra Meena

Reg. no.- 22MATH2010166
Theorem (Convergence). Let (e ) be an orthonormalk
sequence in a Hilbert space H. Then:
(a) The series converges (in the norm on H) if and only if the
following series converges:
⃓2
where , ……… are any scalars.

(b) If The series converges, then the coefficients ak are the Fourier
coefficients <x, ek>, where x denotes the sum of The series ; hence
in this case, The series can be written
= >ek

(c) For any x H, The series with ak = <x, ek> converges (in the
norm of H).
Proof.
(a) Let
sn =

And n =⃓α1⃓2+ ⃓α2⃓2+ ⃓α3⃓2+ ⃓α4⃓2+………………..+ ⃓αn⃓2

Then, because of the orthonormality, for any m and n> m,

⃦sn - sm 2⃦ = ⃦𝛼 𝑚+1𝑒 𝑚+1+………………+𝛼𝑛𝑒𝑛 ⃦2

⃓αm+1⃓2+ ⃓αm+2⃓2+ ⃓αm+3⃓2+ ⃓αm+4⃓2+………………..+ ⃓αn⃓2

=

= n -m

Hence (sn) is Cauchy in H if and only if ( ) is Cauchy in R. Since H

and R are complete, the first statement of the theorem follows.
(b) Taking the inner product of Sn and ej and using the
orthonormality,
we have
< sn , ej > =
By assumption, sn x. Since the inner product is continuous .
{Lemma (Continuity of inner product). If in an inner product
space, xn x and yn y, then (xn, yn)(x, y). }

Here we can take k (n) as large as we please because n , so that we

have
< sn , ej > = for every j = 1,2, ....
(c) From the Bessel inequality
{(Bessel inequality). Let (ek) be an orthonormal sequence in an inner product space X. Then for
every x X
>⃓2 }

We see that the series

>⃓2

converges. From this and (a) we conclude that (c) must hold.
Theorem (Isomorphism and Hilbert dimension): Two
Hilbert spaces H1and H2, both real or both complex, are isomorphic if
and only if they have the same Hilbert dimension.

Proof. If H1 is isomorphic with H2 and T: H1 H2 is an isomorphism,

then
<Tx, Ty> = <x, y> shows that orthonormal elements in H1 have
orthonormal images under T. Since T is bijective, we thus conclude
that T maps every total orthonormal set in H1 onto a total
orthonormal set in H2. Hence H1and H2 have the same Hilbert
dImension.

Conversely, suppose that H1and H2 have the same Hilbert dimension.

The case H1 ={0} and H2 ={0} is trivial. Let H{O}.
Then H2 {O}, and any total orthonormal sets M1 in H1and M2 in H2
have the same cardinality, so that we can index them by the same
index set{k} and write M1 = (ek) and M 2= (Ek).
To show that H1 and H2 are isomorphic, we construct an isomorphism
of H1 onto H2. For every H we have
(1) x=

where the right-hand side is a finite sum or an infinite series .

and by the Bessel inequality. Defining
(2) X=T =

we thus have convergence by above theorem, so that X. The operator T

is linear since the inner product is linear with respect to the first factor.
T is isometric, because by first using (2) and then (1) we obtain
||X||2=||T ||2=
From this
and for a real inner product space we have
<x,y>

I
and for a complex inner product space we have
Re<x,y>=(||𝑥+𝑦||2−||𝑥−𝑦||2)
Im<x,y>=||x+iy||2-||x-iy||2)we see that T preserves the inner product.
Furthermore, isometry implies injectivity. In fact, if Tx = Ty,
Then
||x-y||=||Tx–Ty||=||T(x-y)||=0
So that x=y and T is injective.
We finally show that T is surjective. Given any
X= in H2.
We have by the Bessel inequality. Hence

is a finite sum or a series which converges to an x H1by above

theorem, and k = <x, ek> by the same theorem. We thus have
X= Tx by (2).
Since Xwas arbitrary, this shows that T is surjective.
(*)Riesz's Theorem (Functionals on Hilbert spaces). Every bounded linear
functional f on a Hilbert space H can be represented in terms of the inner product, namely,
f(x) = (x, z)
where z depends on f, is uniquely determined by f and has norm
Ilzll=llfll·

(**)We have for all x and scalars

(f1+ f2)(x) = f1(x) + f2(x)
= (x, X1)+ (x, X2)
= (x, X1 + X2).
By the definition of A1 this shows conjugate linearity
A1(f1+ f2)= A2f2
Where A1:
(***)Theorem (Dual space). The dual space X' of a normed space X is a Banach space
(whether or not X is).
(****)(lPl) <x+y, z>=<x, z>+<y, z> ,(lP2) <x, y>=<x, y>
(IP3) <x, y>=
(IP4) <x,x>
Theorem (Hilbert space). Every Hilbert space H is
reflexive.
Proof. We shall prove surjectivity of the canonical mapping
C: H H" by showing that for every gH" there is an xH such
that g = Cx.
As a preparation we define
A: H' H by Af = z,
where z is given by the Riesz representation f(x) = <x, z> in (*).

From (*) we know that A is bijective and isometric. A is conjugate

linear, as we see from (**).
Now H' is complete by (***)
and a Hilbert space with inner product defined by
<f1,f2>=<Af2,Af1>
Note the order of f1, f2 on both sides. (IP1) to (IP4) in (****)is
readily verified. In particular, (IP2) follows from the conjugate
linearity of A:
Note the order of f1,f2 on both sides. (IP1) to (IP4) in (****) is
readily verified. In particular, (IP2) follows from the conjugate
linearity of A:

< = <Af2,Af1>=

Let g H" be arbitrary. Let its Riesz representation be

g(f)=< f,f > =<Af ,Af>.

o 1 o

We now remember that f(x) = <x, z> where z = Af. Writing Afo = x,
we thus have
<Afo, Af> = <x, z> = f(x).
Together, g(f) = f(x), that is, g = Cx by the definition of C. Since gH"
was arbitrary, C is surjective, so that H is reflexive. I
 End

Thankyo
u