SCIENTIFIC

INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS
COPERNICAN, DARWINIAN AND FREUDIAN
REVOLUTIONS
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• a dramatic break with the intellectual
traditions that preceded it which is the
Medieval era
• Western thought was largely shaped by the
influences of Aristotle and Plato and was
closely bound with theology and scripture
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

• Nicholas Copernicus and the Beginning of Modern

Astronomy
Nicholas Copernicus

What is his contributions?

THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

• the paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the

heavens to the heliocentric model with the sun at the
center of the solar system, began with the publication of
Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, and
ended with Newton’s work over a century later
HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
GEOCENTRIC MODEL
/PTOLEMAIC MODEL
HELIOCENTRIC MODEL VS
GEOCENTRIC MODEL
HELIOCENTRIC GEOCENTRIC
ACCORDING TO SAL RESTIVO

• Through its influence on the sociology of science, the

Copernican sociological revolution has also had an
impact on our understanding of science and of natural
and physical realities
• What were some impacts that the Copernican Revolution
in religion, politics, science, art, music, and so on? What
are some things today that were significantly affected by
the Copernican Revolution?
• long-held beliefs could be inaccurate
• promoted curiosity and scientific inquiry
• weakening the influence of religious and
political institutions
CONSEQUENCES OF SUCH SHIFT
LEAD TO THE FOLLOWING:

• New research activities are started

• Familiar phenomena are given new interpretations
• Educational approaches are altered
• Power structures in society undergo change
• New bases for consensus are applied to conflicts
between belief systems
Darwinian Revolution

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution

Charles Darwin

What is his contributions?

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

• the development of evolutionary thought, paying special

attention to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural
selection
CONTENT OF THE ORIGIN OF
SPECIES
• Ideas of decisive importance when we think
about ourselves
• The nature of the material universe
• The planet that we live upon
• Our place in the scheme of life
 INFLUENCES OF DARWINIAN
REVOLUTION

• rejects all supernatural phenomena and causations

• refutes typology leading to population thinking
• natural selection made any invocation of teleology unnecessary
• does away with determinism
• a new view of humanity and, in turn, a new anthropocentrism
• provided a scientific foundation for ethics
Freudian Revolution

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

What is his contribution?

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
• viewed as the discovery of a way of locating in the mind
objective entities which can be studied like physical things

• it does not merely introduce fresh conceptions in a

particular field of inquiry but in some measure affects our
thinking that leads to re evaluation of ideas.
TWO MOST IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES

• That an individual's actions, thoughts and feelings

are influenced by factors outside his or her
awareness (the unconscious) , and
• That an individual's childhood experiences have a
profound influence on development and personality
FREUDIAN IMPACT TO SOCIETY

• tools for understanding the secret desires of the

masses.
• civilization is only made possible by individual
renouncements, including the renouncement of
violence
• open the door for social changes that continue today
Information Revolution
INFORMATION REVOLUTION

• The proliferation of the availability of information

and the accompanying changes in its storage and
dissemination
• Computer technology is at the root of this
change
• a term that refers not only to computer and
telecommunications technology, but to the role of
information itself, and the accompanying
transformations in the public, corporate, and
personal worlds that the information and the
technology are bringing about
ACCORDING TO MARTIN MÜHLEISEN

•
benefits come not simply from adopting the
technology, but from adapting to the
technology.