CBSE std 10

th

Complete
Grammar Work
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Features of this PowerPoint Presentation
 Contains all the basics of the following topics
(a)Tenses (b)Subject-Verb concord (c)Direct-Indirect speech
(d)Modals (e)Determiners

 All the grammar rules along with examples and exceptions explained
pointwise.

 Important grammar tables included.

 Key words are present in BOLD script.

 Correction of some common mistakes done.

 Attractive designs and easy to read content..

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Tenses

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 What is Tense?
× Tense can be defined as a word form
used to indicate the time of occurrence
of an incident with reference to the
moment of speaking. It indicates the
completion or continuance of an
activity. . 

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Types of Tenses;

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 Verb Table
Infinitiv V-1 Present V-2 V-3 V-4 will/shall+be+present
e he/she/ I/you/we/they Participle participle
it
To be is am/are being Was/ been will/shall be will/shall be being
were
To do does do doing did done will/shall do will/shall be doing
To have has have having had had will/shall have will/shall be having
To go goes go going went gone will/shall go will/shall be going

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When to use Simple Present Tense?

 To express a habitual action.

For example; I get up every day at five o'clock.

 To express general truths.

For example; Fortune favours the brave.

When to use Present Continuous Tense?

 For an action going on at the time of speaking.

For example; The boys are playing cricket on the ground.

 For an action that is planned or arranged to take place in the near future.
For example; I am going to cinema tonight.

When to use Present Perfect Tense?

 To indicate the actions completed in the immediate past.

For example; He has just gone out.

 NEVER use Present Perfect Tense if adverbs of past time are used in the sentence.
(examples of Adverbs of past time=last week,frequently,yesterday,tomorrow,now etc.)
For example; India has won the match last month(incorrect) ©Made by
India won the match last month(correct) Anamey Deorukhkar
When to use Present Perfect Continuous Tense?

 For an action, which began at sometime in the past and is still continuing.
For example; I have been reading this book since morning.

When to use Simple Past Tense?

 To indicate an action completed in the past. Generally, adverbs or adverb phrases of past
time are used in Simple Past Tense.
For example; The sailor sailed yesterday.

 When this tense is used without an adverb of time, then time maybe either implied or
indicated by the context.
For example; I didn’t sleep well. (i.e., last night)

When to use Past Continuous Tense?

 To denote an action going on at some time in the past.
For example; It was getting darker.

When to use Past Perfect Tense?

 When two actions happened in the past. In this case it is necessary to show which action
happened earlier than the other. Here past perfect is used for the action, which happened ©Made by
earlier. Anamey Deorukhkar
For example; When I reached the station the train had started.
When to use Past Perfect Continuous Tense?

 For an action that began before a certain point of time in the past and was
continuing at the given point of time in the sentence.
For example; At that time he had been writing a novel for two months.

When to use Simple Future Tense?

 For an action that has still to take place.

For example; I shall see him tomorrow.

When to use Future Continuous Tense?

 To represent an action as going on at sometime in the future.

For example; I shall be reading the paper then.

When to use Future Perfect Tense?

 To indicate the completion of an event by a certain future time
For example; I shall have written my exercise by that time.

When to use Future Perfect Continuous Tense?

 Represents an action being in progress over a period of time that will end in the ©Made by
future. Anamey Deorukhkar
 Rules for Combination of two
Tenses in one sentence
 Event occurring at the same time must be given in the same tense
For example; When he fainted his brother was with him.

 Will or Shall cannot be used twice in the same sentence even if both the actions
refer to the future tense. The former action is represented by Simple Present Tense.
For example; I shall come if he will call me. (incorrect)
I shall come if he calls me. (correct)

 With the phrases as if and as though the past tense and plural form of the verb
should be used.
For example; He behaves as if he is a king. (incorrect)
He behaves as if he were a king. (correct)

 In case of conditional sentences ‘had’ and ‘would have’ are used.

For example; If I had met him I would have invited him.

 When a new action happened in the middle of a longer action. In this case Past
Simple and Past Continuous are used together. Past Simple is used for the new
action.
For example; The light went out while I was reading. ©Made by
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 With the word ‘wish’ four verbs are used
namely were, had, could, and would
 ‘Were’ is used when the wish seems to be unrealisable.
For example; I wish I were a king.

 ‘Had’ is used when our wish is a lament over the past happening
For example; I wish I had accepted that job.

 ‘Would’ is used when we refer to the future.

For example; I wish I would get a ticket.

 ‘Could’ is used when we wish that something that has happened

already should have happened the other way.
For example; He did not go because he was busy yesterday.
I wish he could go with you.

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Subject to Verb
Concord

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What is a Concord?
Concord refers to the agreement between two
grammatical units.
Subject-Verb concord
-The most important type of concord
-The number agreement between the subject and the verb

For example; Susan runs every morning.

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 Subject-Verb Concord rules
 Two or more singular subjects connected by ‘and’ usually take a verb in the plural.
For example; Hari and Rama are travelling.

 If two singular nouns refer to the same person or thing, then the verb must be
singular.
For example; My friend and guide has come.

 A verb must agree with its subject in number and person. Often due to ‘Error of
Proximity’, the verb is made to agree in number with a noun near it instead of its
subject.
For example; The quality of the mangoes were not good. ( wrong since the subject is quality )
The quality of the mangoes was not good. ( correct )

 When words are joined to a singular subject by ‘with’, ‘together with’, ‘in addition to’,
‘as well as’, then too the number of verb remains singular.
For example; The Chief with all his men, was massacred.
The chairman, with the directors, is to be present.
Silver, as well as cotton, has fallen in prices.

 If two subjects together express one idea, the verb may be in the singular.
For example; The horse and the carriage is at the door.
Bread and Butter are essential for one’s life. (incorrect) ©Made by
Bread and Butter is essential for one’s life. (correct) Anamey Deorukhkar
 ‘each’, ‘each one’, ‘neither’, ‘everyone’, ‘everybody’, ‘anyone’, ‘anybody’, ‘nobody’,
‘somebody’, ‘someone’, ‘many a’, and ‘no one’ must be followed by a singular verb.
For example; Neither of the two men was very strong.
Everyone of the prisons is full.
I will offer a ₹10 gift card to everybody who participates in the study.

 When two or more subjects joined by ‘or’, ‘nor’, ‘either…..or’, ‘neither….nor’ are of different
persons, the verb agrees in person with the nearest one.
For example; Neither he nor I was there.
No nook or corner was left unexplored.
Neither you nor he is to blame.

Neither Rekha nor her friends was present at the party. (incorrect)
Neither Rekha nor her friends were present at the party. (correct)

 When a plural noun denotes some specific quantity or amount considered as a whole, the
verb is generally singular.
For example; One hundred paise is equal to one rupee.
Fifty thousand rupees is a large sum.

Five hours are too short to judge one’s character. (incorrect)

Five hours is too short to judge one’s character. (correct)

 Two nouns qualified by each or every, even though connected by ‘and’ require a singular
verb. ©Made by
For example; Every boy and every girl was given a packet of sweets. Anamey Deorukhkar
 ‘None’ though singular commonly takes a plural verb.
For example; None are son deaf as those who will not hear.

 Uncountable nouns take a singular verb.

For example; Education is the key to success.
Diabetes affects many people around the world.
The information obtained from the business owners was relevant to include in the
study.

 Some countable nouns in English such as earnings, goods, odds, surroundings,

proceeds, contents, and valuables only have a plural form and take a plural verb.
For example; The earnings for this quarter exceed expectations.
The proceeds from the sale go to support the homeless population in the city.
Locally produced goods have the advantage of shorter supply chains.

 Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person but are considered
singular and take a singular verb. Some examples are ‘group’, ‘team’, ‘committee’,
‘family’, and ‘class’.
For example; The group meets every week.
The committee agrees on the quality of the writing.

 In sentences beginning with ‘there is’ or ‘there are’, the subject follows the verb. Since
‘there’ is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows the verb.
For example; There is little administrative support.
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 Direct and
Indirect Speech
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What is Direct and Indirect Speech?
We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order
to do this, we can use direct/quoted speech or indirect/reported speech.

What is Direct Speech?

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes
called quoted speech). Here what a person says appears within quotation
marks (“…….”) and should be word for word (exactly as it was originally
said).
For example; She said,” Today’s lesson is on presentations.”

What is Indirect Speech?

Indirect speech doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said
and it doesn’t have to be word to word. Thus, in indirect speech, we convey
the speaker’s message in our own words. When reporting speech the tense
usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are
usually talking about a time in the past.
For example;
Direct Speech; He said, ”I am going to the cinema.”
Indirect Speech; He said that he was going to the cinema. ©Made by
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Two Parts of Direct Speech

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Reported Speech Tenses
Change Chart

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Some other Changes……

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Some more changes……
Direct Speech Reported Speech

thus so

hello greeted

thank you thanked

sorry apologized

Good morning/night wished good morning/night

Yes agreed/accepted
No refused/denied

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 Exception to the rules of change
in Past Tense (no change)
 If the reported Speech states some General, Universal or Habitual Truth, Proverb,
Historical event in the past.
For example; Direct; My mother said, “I visit the temple everyday.” {Habitual Truth}

Indirect; My mother said that she visits the temple everyday.

{General Truth}
Direct; The teacher said, “Two plus two is four.”
Indirect; The teacher said that two plus two is four.
{Universal Truth}
Direct; Anil said, “The earth revolves around the sun.”
Indirect; Anil said that the earth revolves around the sun.
{Proverb}
Direct; Suraj said, “Honesty is the best policy.”
Indirect; Suraj said that honest is the best policy.
{Historical event}
Direct; The teacher said, “Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan.
Indirect; The teacher said that Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan.

 If the reported verb is in present tense. ©Made by

For example; Direct; Julie says, “I am unwell.” Anamey Deorukhkar
 The Past Continuous Tense is not changed if the Reported Speech states two
actions which took place at the same time.
For example; Direct; Swati said, “When Ram was reading Sham was writing.”
Indirect; Swati said that when Ram was reading Sham was writing.

 Pure imaginary conditions (if…….were clauses) do not change.

For example; Direct; He said, “If I were rich, I would settle in Mumbai.”
Indirect; He said that if he were rich, he would settle in Mumbai.

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Table for the changes in
Pronouns
Direct Speech Reported Speech

I he/she
You he/she/they
We they
They they
He he
She she
It it
Us them
Our their
His his
Her her
Its its
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 Changes taking place in specific type of
 Assertive Sentence;
•
sentences
For 1st person use ‘said’ as reported verb.
• For 2nd person use ‘told’ as reported verb, followed by noun/pronoun.
• Make use of ‘that’.

For example; Direct; The child said, “I am playing.”

Indirect; The child said that he was playing.

 Exclamatory Sentence;
• Remove the exclamation mark
• Use the reported verb ‘exclaimed’
• Make use of ‘that’

For example; Direct; Ram said, “Hurrah! We have got tickets of the match.”
Indirect; Ram exclaimed with joy that they had got the tickets of the cricket
match.

 Imperative Sentence;
• Reported verb- (a)commanded (b)ordered (c)requested (d)suggested (e)advised
• DO NOT use ‘that’
• Use ‘to infinitive’
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For example; Direct; The teacher said, “Sit down.” Anamey Deorukhkar
Indirect; The teacher ordered to sit down.
 Interrogative Sentence;
• Remove the question mark ‘?’
• Use the reporting verb (a) asked (b)demanded (c)ordered (d)enquired
• Do not use ‘that’
• There are 2 types of interrogative sentences-
>Yes/no question
>Wh-type question

 In yes/no type questions use the reporting verb whether or if

(use whether for formal questions)
(use if for informal questions)

For example: Direct; Luna said, “Will she come for lunch?”
Indirect: Luna asked if she would come for lunch.

Direct; Kaustubh said, “Is there a meeting today?”

Indirect; Kaustubh enquired whether there was a meeting that day.

 In wh-type questions use the reporting verb ‘asked’ followed by wh-clause.

For example; Direct; The stranger said, “Where do you stay?”

Indirect; The stranger enquired where did I stay.

Direct; The librarian said, “Which book do you want?” ©Made by

Indirect; The librarian asked which book I wanted. Anamey Deorukhkar
Modal Verbs

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What are Modal Verbs?
Modal Verbs are auxiliary verbs (also known as helping
verbs).Normally modal verbs cannot work alone and
must work with the main verb.

Modal Verbs are used with ordinary verbs to express see

meanings such as possibility, permission, certainty, etc.

 List of the Modal Verbs in English;

Can Could
May Might
Will Would
May Might
Shall Should
Ought to Need to
Must Dare to
Need not Used to ©Made by
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 Modal Verbs Rules
 When to use ‘Can’?
• To express ability (sure probability) I can swim across the river.
• To suggest possibility in negative sentence It cannot be so.

 When to use ‘May’?

• More formal modal to express permission May I leave the room now?
• To suggest possibility in assertive sentences He may be at home.
• When used in negative sentences suggests He may not come today.
improbability
• Suggests less probability than ‘can’ He may hold his breath for 30
seconds

‘Could’ and ‘Might’ are the past form of can and may
respectively. They share the same rules applied to their
respective modals in base form

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 When to use ‘Shall’?
• Used with first-person to denote
future action
• Used with second and third
person to express command
• Used to express a promise made
I shall need the money.
You shall never come near my
child.
We shall go for a picnic this week.

 When to use ‘Will’?

• Used to denote future We will eat mango.
action
• To indicate an invitation Will you dine with us tonight?
• To indicate an request Will you lend me your car for a week
‘Would’ is past form of will and acquires same rules as will.

 When to use ‘Should’?

• To express duty or obligation We should obey laws.
• To express probability He should be in the library.
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 When to use ‘Must’?
• To express compulsion
• To express obligation; stronger
than should
• To express certainty
You must improve your spelling.
We must follow the law.
Living alone must be difficult.

 When to use ‘Ought to’?

• To express strong obligation We ought to love our parents.

• To express probability The book ought to be very useful.

 ‘Used to’ is used to express past habitual action

For example; I used to go to gym.

 ‘Dare to’ is used to express courage.

For example; Would she dare to jump out of the train.

 ‘Need to’ is used to express necessity.

For example; I need to study hard. ©Made by
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Determiners

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What are Determiners?
Determiners are words that introduce nouns. It
indicates reference to something specific or
something of a particular type
These are the different types:
• Articles: a, an, the
• Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
• Possessive Adjectives: my, your, her, his, our, its, their
• Quantifiers: a little, a few, many, much, a lot of, most, any,
some, enough
• Numbers: one, five, forty
• Distributives: both, all, half, neither, either, every, each
• Interrogatives: what, which, whose

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Rules for use of Determiners
 Always come before a noun
For example; This is my camera.

 Come before any modifiers (e.g. adjectives) used

before the noun
For example; He bought a nice gift for me

 Are required before a singular noun 

For example; There is a lion in the zoo.

 Are optional before plural nouns

For example; He made all coats from the same fabric.

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 Articles;
Articles can be definite (the) or indefinite (a, an).

• ‘The’ is used when the speaker thinks that the listener already knows what is being referred to
• “a” is used before consonants/consonant sound while ’an’ is used before vowels/vowel sound

For example; She took an apple for herself.

The beaches in Goa are beautiful.
I will give you an example of the essay question.

 Demonstratives;
Demonstrative determiners are used to identify or point to a particular person, event, or
object. This and that are singular. These and those are plural.

For example; I like this kind of biscuit

Why don't you buy that book instead of this one?
Those children outside are being too noisy for this time of night

 Possessive adjectives;
Possessive adjective determiners function as adjectives rather than pronouns. As they are
adjectives, they appear before the noun that they are modifying.

For example; Do you like my new dress?

His old motorbike is a classic ©Made by
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 Quantifiers;
Quantifiers provide approximate or specific answers to the questions "How many?" and "How
much?“

For example; I only take a little bit of milk with my tea

Most students work hard to pass their exams
I didn't take many holidays last year

 Numbers;
Numbers are either cardinal (one, two, three, etc.), which are adjectives referring to quantity, or
ordinal (first, second, third, etc.) referring to distribution.

For example; Two cars are enough for most families

That is the second time you've done that!

 Distributives;
Distributive determiners are used to refer to a group or individual members of the group. They reveal
more about how people or things are distributed, shared, or divided.

For example; Both countries need to discuss the issues and find a solution

All pet dogs need plenty of attention

 Interrogatives;
Interrogatives are used to ask questions. ©Made by
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For example; Which restaurant did you like best?
 The End
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