FERTILITY

MEASUREMENTS

DIPAK THIRUVENGADAM
ROLL NO:17
DATE:24/05/19
CONTENTS

• FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS
• BIRTH RATE
• DEATH RATE
NET REPRODUCTION RATE
*It is defined as the number of daughters a newborn girl will bear
during her lifetime assuming fixed age-specific fertility and
mortality rates.
*NRR is a demographic indicator. The present level of NRR in India
is 1.5 (1990).NRR of 1 is equivalent to attaining approximately the 2-
child norm.
*If NRR is less than 1 then the reproductive performance of
population is said to be replacement level.
* The Govt. of India in 1983 adopted the policy of attaining a NRR
of 1 by the year 1996
CONTD.

• Demographers are of the view that the goal

of NRR=1 can be achieved only if at least
60% of the eligible couples are effectively
practicing family planning .
CHILD-WOMAN RATIO
• It is the number of children 0-4 years of age per 1000 women of
child-bearing age usually defined as 15-44 or 49 years of age.
• This ratio is used where the birth registration statistics either do not
exist or are inadequate.
• It is estimated through data derived from censuses.
• CWR = Number of children under
under age 4 x1000
Number of women aged
15-49
PREGNANCY RATE
• It is the ratio of number of
pregnancies in a year to married
women in the ages 15-44 years.The
“number of pregnancies” includes all
pregnancies, whether these had
terminated as live births,still-births
or abortions or had not yet
terminated.
ABORTION RATE

• The number of
all types of
abortions usually
per 1000 women
of child bearing age
ABORTION RATIO

• This is calculated by
dividing the number of
abortions performed
during a particular time
period by the number of
live births over the same
period.
MARRIAGE RATE
*It is the number of marriages in the year per 1000 population:
Crude Number of marriages in the year
Marriage = x 1000
Rate Mid-year population

*Demographers consider this a very unsatisfactory rate, because the

denominator is comprised primarily of population that is not eligible
to marry.
*A more sensitive rate is the general marriage rate:
 CONTD.
* General Number of marriages within one year
Marriage = x 1000
Rate Number of unmarried persons age 15-49
years of age

*This rate is more accurate when computed for women than for men
because more men than women marry at the older age .
BIRTH RATE
• India like other developing countries faced with dilemma of a high birth
rate and a declining rate.
• The causes are: I) Universality of marriage
II) Early marriage
III) Early puberty
IV) Low standard of living
V) Low level of literacy
VI) Traditional customs and habits
VII) Absence of family planning habit
DECLINING DEATH RATE
The declining death rate has been attributed to:
1)Absence of natural checks e.g: famines and large scale epidemics
2)Mass control of diseases e.g: small pox, plague, cholera, malaria etc.
3)Advances in medical science e.g: extensive use of chemotherapeutics,
antibiotics and insecticides
4)Better health facilities e.g: establishment of primary health centers
and more treatment centers.
5)Impact of national health programmes.
6)Improvements in food supply
7)International aid in several directions and
8)Development of social consciousness among the masses
YEAR BIRTH RATE DEATH RATE

1941-1950 39.9 27.4

1951-1960 41.7 22.8

1961-1970 41.2 19.0

1971-1980 37.2 14.8

1981 33.9 12.5

1991 29.5 9.8

1995 28.3 9.0

1996 27.5 9.0

1997 27.2 8.9

1998 26.4 9.0

1999 26.1 8.7

2001-2011 22.5 7.7