EXAM Revision: Inter war years

Treaty/Lon/CWW2

1. 4 mark= This source opposes…How do you know? SOURCE PEAAL

(Analyse source content and provenance)

2. 12 Mark=How useful are these sources to a historian….? 2

SOURCE PEAAL source A (Analyse source content and provenance)
PEAAL source B
Conclusion

3. 8 mark = Write an account question…2 PEEs (chronological order)

4. 16 mark= balanced essay- 3 x PEEs and conclusion

 Georges
David Lloyd George Clemenceau Woodrow
• Gain German colonies • Break Germany into Wilson
and navy smaller states • Set up LON
• Gain reparations • Mass reparations • Give Alsace and
• Cut Germany’s army Lorraine back to
• Punish Germany to • Gain Alsace-Lorraine
please population France
• Disarmament
• Not be so harsh to allow
• Invaded twice in • Self determination
trade to rebuild with
(2nd best trading lifetime- for Eastern Europe
partner before the war) • 1870 Franco Prussian
war & WW1 • LOST 180 000 men
• Lost 700 000 men
• Lost 1.2 million men
• Coastal attacks • Lost 250 000 buildings
• Lost 8000 sq. miles of
farmland
 1920s: Successes
Aaland Islands Upper Silesia Bulgaria SUCCESS-Agencies
Aggressive Finland & Sweden Germany & Poland Greece • 400 000 POW go home at the
countries end of WW1
Country/ Aaland Islands Upper Silesia Bulgaria • 200 000 slaves freed from
Area at area Sierra Leone
risk
• Poisonous white lead removed
Date 1921 1921 1925 from paint
• Attempt to cut down mosquitoes
Sanction LON met LON met LON met
to cut malaria and yellow fever
used Discussed the issue Discussion LON discussed the issue
• 1922-Turkey refugee crisis-
Decision was made Democratic vote by the Upper Warning given to Greece to
camps set up
Silesians withdraw troops after a Greek
• Introduced international
Br/Fr troops sent to ensure it soldier was shot dead after
highway code
was fair following a stray dog into Bulgaria
Self NA NA NA • This way deadly diseases and
interest
epidemics were controlled-
Success/ Success- war avoided Success- war avoided Success- war escalation avoided leading to a reduce mortality
failure & Islands stay with Finland Rural-Poland Greece told to publicly apologise rate
why No weapons stored Industrial-Germany and pay compensation to Bulgaria • Deadly diseases are attempting
The covenant is followed Resources shared The covenant is followed to be controlled
Collective Security is The covenant is followed Collective Security is followed • Safer working environments are
followed Collective Security is followed The LON appears to be co- being provided
The LON appears to be co- The LON appears to be co- operating with countries • The Lon fulfilled its moral
operating with countries operating with countries The LON is functioning as it responsibilities and morally had
The LON is functioning as it should the upper hand as it protected
The LON is functioning as it
should World peace is being achieved weaker countries
 LEAGUE OF NATIONS
MANCHURIA
1929 WSC
Japan is in an economic depression
Japan’s silk industry has collapsed
Japan’s army wants to carve out an
empire
EXCUSE
The Mukden incident- Japan bomb
their own railway but blame
Manchuria so enter to investigate
Japan has betrayed the Lon and
embarrassed Britain and France by
using blatant aggression
MANCHURIA
• War had not been avoided, Japan invaded
Manchuria in 1931
• Japan was a main member of the LON that
defied its objectives
• The main aim to avoid conflict was not
achieved
• LON take 1 year to assess the problem
• The Lytton report warns Japan to leave
Manchuria
• Japan ignore the report and leave the
LON
• Britain does not impose trade sanctions-
self interest
• USSR is needed to deal with the force of
Japan, but is not a member
 LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Abyssinia Abyssinia
1935 • War had not been avoided, Italy invaded Abyssinia in
1935
Mussolini wants • Italy was a main member of the LON that defied its
to recreate the objectives
Roman empire • The main aim to avoid conflict was not achieved
Mussolini wants • LON takes 8 months to sanction both countries
the fertile lands • Britain and France do not shut the Suez Canal
• LON does not ban coal (30 000 coal miners would
and natural lose their jobs) or Oil (USA would take over trade)
resources • Hoare and Laval (secret plan) offer 2/3 of Abyssinia
Mussolini wants to stop the invasion and help against Hitler
revenge for the • 1936 when Hitler goes into the Rhineland- Britain
embarrassing and France abandon Abyssinia
• Italy leaves Lon in 1935
defeat of 1896
 How appeasement led to war
P) Another cause of WW2 was Britain's policy of appeasement
EV) Appeasement was giving Hitler what he wants to avoid war. It was used in the 1930s and was the idea of Neville
chamberlain the British PM. The main examples were in 1938, Hitler was allowed to create Anschluss with Austria in
March 1938 despite the Austrian leader asking for help. Then he was given the Sudetenland at the Munich conference-
the biggest example of appeasement on 29 th September 1938
EX) This led to war as it brought Hitler closer to war. He genuinely did not believe he’d be stopped when he invaded Poland
on 1st September 1939. Every time Hitler got away with another step he gained stronger resources, more men for his army
and war materials. Hitler now had confidence, after he was given the Sudetenland Britain and France appeared weak and
spineless, desperate to keep Hitler on side. Finally a mistake made by Britain and France was annoying Stalin by not invite
g him to the Munich Conference now that made him work with Hitler and bring war closer.
• Main reason was the policy of appeasement- idea was to prevent war but it had the opposite effect as it revealed that
Britain would give into Hitler’s demands.
• Britain believed Hitler’s promises that he would not seek any further territory. (Munich Conference)
• Appeasement gave Hitler control of the Sudetenland during the Munich Conference. This contributed to the outbreak
of the Second World War because it made it possible for Hitler to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia which broke the
Munich Agreement.
• It was Hitler’s expansionist foreign policy and rearmament programme that made war more likely. He was not willing to
find diplomatic solutions to Germany’s grievances over the Treaty of Versailles.
• The policy of appeasement over the Sudetenland became a cause of the Second World War because it had the
unforeseen consequence of helping Hitler’s broader aim of gaining ‘lebensraum’.
• Despite his promises in the Munich Agreement and the Anglo German declaration, Hitler had greater ambitions for the
 How appeasement led to war
• It was difficult for the governments of the time to respond to the threats posed by Hitler.
• The Munich Agreement was the work of several countries, not just Britain alone, therefore the
responsibility for giving in to his demands is a shared one. (Italy, France too)
• Even countries outside Europe, such as USA were concerned with the issue of Czechoslovakia and the
policy of appeasement.
• Some considered appeasement was acceptable as Chamberlain presented it to the people of Britain as a
good option. The Munich Agreement allowed Hitler to occupy the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia despite it
not being German land. However, in return for this concession, Chamberlain secured the Anglo-German
declaration which was a promise that war would be avoided.
• However some such as Churchill were sceptical of appeasement as they felt it was naïve thinking that
Hitler would be content with the concessions. The Munich Agreement had allowed Hitler to take over land
in Czechoslovakia. Hitler had promised not to make any further demands for more territory but many
people at the time thought he would try and take more land. There as too much trust put into his false
promises.
Term German Reaction
Guilt • They were angry as they did not feel they started the war- it was an issue between Serbia and Austro-Hungary
• They didn’t think they had lost it as they were told by the army they could win
• As they agreed to cease fire- they thought they would have a say at Versailles
• They thought the wrong government was punished- the Weimar government did not take Germany to war. The army would prefer to die fighting
• Ebert- the German leader had no choice or Germany would be destroyed by war again
• They considered it a Diktat and were angered no one else had to take the blame
Army • Angry as no one else disarmed to Germany’s level
• German army was a symbol of pride- this has gone, it’s embarrassing
• Weak- cannot defend themselves let alone attack
• Embarrassed as now their army is the same size as Belgium- not the largest land army in Europe anymore.
• Surrounded by enemies with modern weapons
Reps • Cannot afford the £6.6 billion in taxes
• They are upset as they have been in four years of war and devastation
• They have people starving and homeless, ¾ of a million died of starvation after the war
• They have lost 2 million men and so now have less workers
• Unfair as no on else pays
• Worried it would cripple their economy in the future- affects future generations
• They have taken Germany’s most valuable resource- Saar Coalfields
• 1923 they couldn’t pay, Belgian and French troops occupied the Ruhr and started to take resources, the government started to print more money
which led to hyper inflation
German • Angry as the valuable Polish Corridor and Saar area is gone- harder to pay reparations, weaken their economy
land • Humiliated their country is divided in two
• Bitter that Br/Fr now control their colonies (empire) also loss of resources
• Empire was a symbol of pride- gone
• Cant’ defend their own border- Rhineland
• Loss of Alsace and Lorraine- angers them as they won that before

League of • Feel left out of the club of winners

Nations • Isolated
Mock DEC 2020- USA

USA 1 hour
1. PA X 2- CONTENT
describe what you learn, 3 things- say DIFFERS

2. PA X 2- PROVENANCE
describe who by, when made and why made- say DIFFERS

3. PL X 2 – OWN KNOWLEDGE
which do you believe more due to OK

4. PEx X2 (Describe qs)

5. PEE X 2 (Explain qs)

6. PEE X 2 + C (Importance qs)

Changes in popular culture after WW2
One change was the birth of the teenager
• Spending power- American businesses targeted
them
• $10 billion - 1950 to $25 billion - 1959
• Money on music, cars, fashion and alcohol
• Boys = ‘Thrill seekers’
• raced cars, drank heavily, formed gangs
• Teenagers -rebellious, secretive and aggressive
• ‘Generation gap’ with parents
• James Dean & Marlon Brando=famous emblems of
teenage rebellion
This created change as
• Teenagers seemed to acquire more influence in
post-war popular culture at the expense of
adults.
• For example, parents were enjoying a booming
economy and were able to support their children
in higher education for longer.
• teenagers had growing purchasing power and this
One change was the birth of rock and roll and TV
Blended country & western with rhythm and blues
• Easy to dance to
• Lyrics contained sexual references
• Told young people to rebel against their parents Older
Americans did not like
• Elvis Presley performances were censored
• Seen as dangerous and linked to teenage crime
• By end of 1950s : 9/10 homes had a TV.
• Television = new form of entertainment
• TV took over radio- family event when all came together
• ‘typically white American family shows’.
This created change as
• Entertainment changes and the way families spent their
free time changed
• Teenage culture influenced national culture as radio and
television programming schedules responded to the latest
fashions in music.
• Older generations did not appreciate the change in fashion
and associated morals linked to Rock and Roll
Problems faced in the depression

Problem 1: Farming industry failed Problem 2:Government did not provide any effective help
• Farmers in the depression struggled to buy even basic goods • Another problem was that the government did not
such as food and clothing provide any effective help. Without a job, people could
• Farmers couldn’t sell their produce and prices fell so low that
not pay their mortgages and were evicted from their
farmers could not afford to harvest their crops- wheat and
homes.
fruit was allowed to rot and farm animals were killed rather
than taken to the market
• Between 1928-1933 industrial and farm production fell
• USA’s total trade fell from $10 billion in 1929 to $3 billion in by 40%
1932 • 1933- 14 million unemployed
• As income fell more went bankrupt and were evicted by the • 1933- 5000 banks bankrupt
banks. Many resisted this but had no choice. • Car production fell by 80%.
• The Dust bowl meant that farmers suffered drought and famine • Many people could not pay rent/mortgages and ended up
• Large areas of farmland had become a dust bowl which was
in Hooverville’s
impossible to farm. Bank loans for equipment caused financial
pressure on farmers
• shanty towns on the outskirts of cities where people
lived in shacks, corrugated iron, cardboard- no heating,
electricity or running water
• The government refused to help Banks
• $9 billion lost
• In 1929 659 banks failed- many stopped trusting them
These might include, one problem was that the farming industry failed. Large areas of farmland had become a dust bowl which was impossible
to farm. Bank loans for equipment caused financial pressure on farmers. and withdrew savings
Another problem was that the government did not provide any effective help. Without a job, people could not pay their mortgages and were
evicted from their homes.
Changes due to the feminist movements in the 1960s and 1970s

Factor 1: Change in Factor 2: change in legislation over women's rights to Factor 3: Women’s movement was
legislation in employment their own bodies hindered by STOP ERA
• Eleanor Roosevelt • In the early 1960s, abortion was illegal in the USA. • In 1972 the Equal Rights
pressured Kennedy to do • Feminists believed this law discriminated against Amemndment went through
a study into the women as they should have the right to choose. stating @Equality of rights
inequality of women at • CONTRACEPTION: A young medical technician
under the law shall not be
work- it found women called Estelle Griswold challenged the anti-abortion
were paid 60% less for denied by the United states or
laws in Connecticut- where abortion and
doing the same job and contraception was illegal. Griswold’s lawyers could by any State on account of
95% of managers were not argue against abortion itself but argue that it Sex’There was a successful
men. went against the privacy of the individual. She won campaign led by Phyllis Schlaffy
• This led to the Equal Pay in 1965. to stop ERA (Equal Rights
Act of 1963
Amendment) going through the
• NOW (National • ABORTION: Another woman called Norma constitution
Organisation of women) -
McCorvey went to the Supreme Court to get an • She argued ERA would lead to
1966- set up by Betty
Friedan abortion and won. women in combat, higher
• NOW won a series of • To protect her identity, she was known as Jane abortion rates, unisex
court cases between Roe. bathrooms and same sex
1966-71 – won $30 • She won in the Supreme court by 7:2 marriages
million in back-pay for • It led to 46 states legalizing abortion due to the • Schlafly’s campaign was
women who hadn’t been
14th amendment of privacy successful ERA failed to become
paid the same as men
• This was supported by Betty Friedan and the part of the US constitution
• Whilst the feminist movements increased opportunities by law in terms of education and reproductive rights, in
practice the new laws did not guarantee more equality for all American women. The average rate of pay for
women remained lower than for men.

• The campaign group called ‘Women’s Lib’ used extreme demonstration tactics such as disrupting the Miss World
beauty contest and burning bras because these things represented the way women were objectified and
controlled by men.

• For example, the campaign group called ‘Women’s Lib’ used extreme demonstration tactics such as disrupting the
Miss World beauty contest and burning bras because these things represented the way women were objectified
and controlled by men.

• For example, women gained more rights when the campaign to legalise abortion was won via the ‘Roe v Wade case’.
The Supreme Court ruled that women had the right to a safe, legal abortion. This was supported by Betty
Friedan and the National Organisation for Women (NOW) which campaigned for sexual equality in US law.

• For example, the lives of some women were affected by the ‘Stop ERA’ campaign. They were successful because
the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the constitution was not ratified. The ERA would have granted
full gender equality rights but the ‘Stop ERA’ campaign argued it would be damaging to society and women’s rights
because they could, for example, be drafted into combat as men were.
 How women’s lives change through the fight for equality in the 1960s and 1970s
Success
• 1963 following the commission into women at work by
Eleanor Roosevelt the Equal Pay Act was
introduced.
• 1964- civil rights act prohibited sex discrimination]
• Estelle Griswold won her court case in Connecticut to
legalise abortion
• 1973 Jane Roe V Wade won her case- Norma
McCorvey from Texas led to stopping 46 states from
banning abortion
• 1972 Educational amendment outlawed sex
discrimination in education- allowing greater career
opportunities
• Supreme court rules it gave men and women equal
rights
• Between 1966-71- NOW won back pay worth $30
million for women that were paid unequally to men
Drawback
• There was a successful campaign by
Phyllis Schlaffy to stop ERA (Equal
Rights Amendment) going through
the constitution until it was
defeated
• New organisations such as the
happiness of womanhood opposed
women’s rights movements
• There was little change in women in
managerial/professional positions
• The women’s liberation movement
was ridiculed by the press e.g. bra
burning
Factors affecting Americans in the 1920s
Factor 1: Prohibition
• Fail- Corruption- 1 in 12 agents sacked for corruption
• Al Capone and gangsters – he controlled a ruthless
network of gangsters who were extremely loyal in
Chicago
• 280 000 illegal stills seized
• People refused to obey the law and continued to go to
speakeasies
• Bootleggers continued to provide moonshine to
speakeasies and gangsters made a fortune from this
• Gangsters made money racketeering prostitution and
illegal alcohol- Al Capone made $10 million a year
• They used the tommy machine gun
• St Valentine’s day massacre- Feb 1929 when Al Capone
got rid of his rival Bugs Moran gang- killing 7 people
• By 1930s 200 000 speakeasies in America more than
there had been saloons
Factor 2: Immigration
• There was a fear of immigrants entering USA
• Dislike of people from different nationalities, cultures
and languages
• Fear of new religions they brought
• Paid less for jobs, less opportunities given
• Sacco and Vanzetti are discriminated against as they
are accused of armed robbery and murder but Judge
Thayer is racist and finds them guilty unfairly, they are
executed. The government introduced the National
Origins Act in 1924 to limit undesirable immigrants.
RED SCARE
• 1.5 million immigrants from Russia came to America.
• There were many workers strikes and anarchists
carrying out bombings which were blamed on the
communists. There was fear a communist take over was
coming.
• EX) Things got worse when the Palmer raids began and
6000 were arrested across 33 cities and the FBI
Impact on American society: Prohibition/Immigration
• Prohibition had more impact because this affected every social group in society in some way.
Furthermore, the impact of police corruption and organised crime was a real threat to the security of all
citizens. Whereas, the fear generated by the ‘Red Scare’ and the imagined threat of communism posed
by immigrants was unfounded and never materialised. There was never an attempted revolution.
• One impact of prohibition was that gangsters such as Al Capone. gained more influence in society. They
were able to make millions of dollars by supplying smuggled alcohol because they bribed law enforcers to
turn a blind eye to their activities. Organised crime also made them wealthy because they forced
business owners to pay protection money to avoid having their shops vandalised.
• For example, immigration in the 1920s had an impact on society because it created fear and division. The
immigrants that arrived from Central and Eastern Europe were suspected of bringing communist ideas.
This led to a fear of a revolution happening in America and was known as a ‘Red Scare’. There was a lot of
prejudice against immigrants and during the ‘Palmer Raids’, thousands of suspected communists were
arrested but there was no evidence of any plans to launch terror attacks.
• For example, people made their own alcohol which was called moonshine; this was so strong that it
poisoned people and alcohol related deaths increased during prohibition. There were not enough agents to
enforce the law or prevent smuggling.