Types of DNA Tests, Cost, and Consent for Testing,

and Cases where DNA has resolved legal

situations: deaths, inheritance and paternal cases

By: Feliciana Tapia

classroom participation

What do you think is

your genetic heritage?
Dna testing
● DNA testing is a method that
takes samples of a person's
DNA, which could be their hair,
fingernail, skin, or blood, to
analyze the structure of that
person's genome. DNA testing
can help establish parentage
(or lack thereof), ancestral
history, and even help police
investigate a crime scene.
What are the different types of genetic tests?

There are multiple types of

DNA tests. The three most
common are:
 a Y-DNA testing,
 Autosomal DNA testing,
and
 mitochondrial DNA
testing,(mtDNA testing).
 Y-DNA tests
● Y-DNA testing can be used by people with
a Y chromosome to research their
'patrilineal' ancestry—their ancestry
through their male line.
● Since most females don’t have Y-
chromosomes, they can’t take Y-DNA tests
(though their brother, father, paternal
uncle, or paternal grandfather could).
● Y-chromosome testing uncovers a
person’s Y-chromosome haplogroup, the
ancient group of people from whom one’s
patrilineage descends. Because only one’s
male-line direct ancestors are traced by Y-
DNA testing, no females (nor their male
ancestors) from whom a male descends
are encapsulated in the results.
 mtDNA tests
● Mitochondrial DNA tests trace
people’s matrilineal (mother-line)
ancestry through their mitochondria,
which are passed from mothers to their
children
● Since everyone has mitochondria,
people of all genders can take mtDNA
tests.
● Mitochondrial DNA testing uncovers a
one’s mtDNA haplogroup, the ancient
group of people from whom one’s
matrilineage descends. Because
mitochondria are passed on only by
women, no men (nor their ancestors)
from whom one descends are
encapsulated in the results.
 Autosomal DNA (atDNA) testing
● Autosomal DNA  tests trace a
person’s autosomal chromosomes,
which contain the segments of DNA
the person shares with everyone to
whom they’re related (maternally and
paternally, both directly and
indirectly).
● Because everyone has autosomal
chromosomes, people of all genders
can take autosomal DNA tests, and
the test is equally effective for
people of any gender. With an
autosomal test, your results won't
include information about
haplogroups.
My Heritage DNA Journe
My Heritage DNA Journe
DNA TEST cost

Paternity test Legal case Ancestry

$69 to $200 $300 to $500 $49 to $200

$89 $350 $89

Prices of dna test in panama
Type of DNA test B/. $

non-invasive Pre Natal 1,703.00 1,6993.00

Paternity 189.00 189.00

Maternity 189.00 189.00

Grandfather-grandson 189.00 189.00

Uncles-niece 189.00 189.00

cousins 189.00 189.00

Unique genetic Profil 189.00 189.00

 Consent form

● If you decide to proceed with DNA testing then you need

to be aware that it is a legal requirement for all parties to
agree to the test.
● In the case of legal DNA testing involving a child, anyone
with a ‘sufficient personal interest’ (including the Child
Support Agency) can apply to the High Court, a County
Court or a magistrate for a declaration of parentage. The
consent of a child under 18 years old is not required, only
the consent of the person having ‘care and control’ of him
or her. If that person does not consent then the court
may arrange for the sample to be taken if it considers to
do so would be in the child’s best interests. In other
words, a mother or father could be forced to undertake a 
paternity test.
● It is not possible to proceed with legal DNA testing if you
are unable to get the consent of each individual who
needs to be tested.
Cases where DNA has resolved legal situations: deaths, in heritance, paternal
cases

Deaths/crimes inheritance Paternal cases

In Deaths cases
● The past decade has seen great
advances in a powerful criminal
justice tool: deoxyribonucleic acid,
or DNA.  DNA can be used to
identify criminals with incredible
accuracy when biological evidence
exists.
● DNA is generally used to solve
crimes in one of two ways.  In
cases where a suspect is identified,
a sample of that person’s DNA can
be compared to evidence from the
crime scene. 
 Inheritance case
Losing a loved one is a
difficult and testing time for
most, without the added
emotional distress of your
biological relationship
coming into question. When
it comes to claims being
made on the estate of the
deceased, on some
occasions a DNA test will be
required.
When paternity is not
established on a birth
certificate, a child making an
inheritance claim against
their father’s estate can face
some difficulties. It’s
typically under these
circumstances that disputes
will lead to DNA testing,
which is then able to
confirm the entitlement to
the inheritance or not.
 Paternal case
● A DNA paternity test is nearly 100%
accurate at determining whether a
man is another person’s biological
father. DNA tests can use cheek swabs
or blood tests. You must have the test
done in a medical setting if you need
results for legal reasons. Prenatal
paternity tests can determine
fatherhood during pregnancy.
Questions?
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