Lab Presentation: Electrical Drive Systems

Presenter: Azmat Ali

Matriculation Num: 441430

Topics: AC Motor & Full Wave Rectifier

Tasks
• To run AC motor’s fan
• To run AC machine after fan starts
• To stop machine in emergency
• Running AC machine at different speeds
• Insuring no fault happens
• Full-wave rectifier (M3U)
3-Phase AC Motor

• Runs on 3-Phase AC supply

• Is very simple and cheap
• Requires Low maintenance cost
• Is used in numerous applications
• Is easily controllable with frequency
Power Circuit
• The image here
shows the power
circuit of AC fan
and motor.
Control Circuit
• The image here
shows the
control circuit.
Control Unit
• The image here
shows the
Control Unit with
necessary pins.
 Parts of AC motor
AC motor has 2 main parts:
(1) Stator
(2) Rotor

(1) Stator part consists of 3 windings each for 3 phases. These windings are
120° apart from each other. Image on next slide shows the
winding scheme.

(2) The rotor winding consists of conductors, in form of copper or aluminum bars
embedded in semi-closed slots of a laminated rotor core. To facilitate a closed path in
the rotor circuit, both sides of the rotor bars are short-
circuited by end rings. The image of rotor is on next slide.
Stator
Rotor
Rotating magnetic field
• When AC supply flows through these windings, the
magnetic field is generated.
• The AC supply varies over the time in such way that the
overall magnetic field produced is constant but the
direction magnetic field rotates with the frequency of AC
supply.
How rotor rotates
• When rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor rods, EMF is
induced which causes a flow of current.

• The flow of current is such that it opposes the change in

magnetic field. Lenz’s Law

• The induced current also produced magnetic field which

is opposite to stator magnetic field.

• Hence torque is produced on rotor which rotates the

rotor.
cont.

• The rotor starts rotating in order to minimize the change in

flux.

• When the speed of rotor starts to match rotation of magnetic

field, the change of magnetic flux is almost zero.

• The speed of rotor is slightly less than frequency of AC supply.

• Nsync < Nm

• Nsync = Speed of Rotor (rad/s)

• Nm = Speed of Rotating magnetic field (rad/s)
Variable Frequency Drive
• The device is used to increase or decrease the frequency.

• The AC supply is 1st converted to DC and then with PWM

generator, the DC is converted to desired frequency.

• The resultant frequency value depends upon the

switching time of PWM’s switches (FETs).

• The image on next slide shows a typical VFD.

Typical VFD
Parts of VFD
• There are three parts of a VFD

1) Rectifier (conversion to DC)

2) DC Bus (Smoothing DC)
3) Inverter (Converting DC back to AC)
2nd Part
Full-wave Rectifier
• Used to convert AC into DC
• The applications are numerous
• Majority of modern electric appliances run on DC
• This is because they are more power efficient and reliable.

• We have different rectifiers.

• Here I will explain Center Tapped Full Wave Rectifier.
Output Waveforms
• Here are the output waveforms of the Center Tapped Full wave-rectifier.
• The waveforms for each diode is given separately.
• The resultant waveform is also presented here.
Obtaining Steady State Current

• The current is although DC be definition as it does not change the direction.

• But the magnitudes is not constant. This is not desirable.
• We have to do something to obtain a steady state DC supply.
• We introduce a capacitor with load.
Effect of Capacitor
• The capacitor absorbs current when there is peak (i.e. voltage across
capacitor is exceeded by the output voltage of rectifier).
• When voltage starts to fall across the load, the capacitor will start supplying
the circuit and will try to maintain the voltage across the load.
• In this way, we obtain almost a steady state current and voltage across the
load. The remaining ripples are mitigated with different designed
components.
Mathematical Equations of Full Wave Rectifier

• The rectifier efficiency can be determined with following equation.

• The less is the difference between powers, the more will be

efficiency.

• The ripples factor equation of rectifier is:

• The ripples will be minimum of the obtained DC voltage is nearer to

RMS value of converted AC supply.
END