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CHIMNEYS
History of Fireplaces
 As an architectural structure, a fireplace contains a fire for
heating.
 Historically, fireplaces were also for cooking purposes. The
fireplace is contained within a fire pit, and the chimney guides
exhaust and smoke to escape into the environment.
 Even when not required for cooking, fireplaces provide
physiological comfort and soothe due to the relaxing quality of
the crackling fire.
 In early times, cave dwellers dug simple fire pits on the ground
to keep the cold away and for cooking purposes. It had to be dug
to avoid the problem of smoke failing to escape, which would
occur if the fire pits were built inside a cave or shelter.
Early Fireplaces
 The 1100s marked a significant change in the location of
fireplaces. The placement of the fireplaces was changed from
the middle of the structural dwelling to its walls. Chimneys also
began to be used, and fire hoods gained more popularity, as
they were first utilized for functionality and ornamental reasons.
The Rise Of Chimneys
 Increasingly, people wanted fireplaces built into the
second-floor buildings. Tudor Era Chimney in London
started to have two stories.
 Fireplaces in 1500 vented out smoke horizontally from
a building. However, the likelihood that the smoke
would come back became an ever-present problem;
hence the need for a chimney encouraged the smoke
from the fireplaces to escape vertically. Architects
began to examine the fireplace design and
architecture more seriously.
Fireplace Design
 The 1600s saw Christopher Wren, an English Architect,
design fireplaces to compliment the appearance of a
room.
 During this period in the development of domestic
architecture, there was the introduction of classic
proportions and detailing in chimney design.
 This further emphasized the chimney piece around the
fireplace opening as the room's focal point.
 Building acts came into force after the Great fire of
London, which aimed to control the rebuilding of
houses to ensure they were as fire-resistant as possible.
THE FRANKLIN STOVE
 In the 1740s, Benjamin Franklin invented the Franklin
stove, which placed the heat source in the middle of the
room.
 He aimed to replace the inefficient heating of a fireplace.
 The cast iron furnace would radiate heat from the middle
of the room in all directions
 Franklin's design was flawed; the furnace lacked a chimney
to draw fresh air through the inner chamber, and the fire
went out shortly afterward.
 David Rittenhouse improved the design by adding an
exhaust pipe and chimney.
 David Rittenhouse improved the design by adding an
exhaust pipe and chimney.
 By the 1800s fireplace's fundamental structure was
established. The structure is composed of the insert and
the surround
o Insert-where objects are burned
o Surround- the sides and mantle(made from wood)
•In the post-world war I environment, the art deco movement
concentrated on function rather than form.
•Following the destruction wreaked by WWII, there was a real
need for housing with subsequent rebuilding efforts;
prefabricated fireplaces were introduced.
•Inevitably, with the introduction of gas lighting and
electricity, prefabricated fireplaces became popular since they
were less expensive to construct and purchase.
•Gel-burning fireplaces were also a good option for those who
desired the ambiance of a fire without traditional fuels.
SECTION DETAIL THROUGH CHIMNEY
• A chimney is an architectural ventilation structure that
isolates hot toxic exhaust gases or smoke produced by
a  stove, furnace, incinerator, or fireplace from human
living areas. 
• Materials used are masonry, clay, or metal.
• Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as possible to
vertical, to ensure that the gases flow smoothly, drawing
air into the combustion in the stack or chimney effect.
• The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer
flue gases to the external environment via the stack
effect.
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CHIMNEYS
•  Industrial chimney use dates to the Romans, who drew smoke from their bakeries with tubes
embedded in the walls.
• However, domestic chimneys first appeared in large dwellings in northern Europe in the 12th
century.
• The earliest extant example of an English chimney is at the keep of Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire,
which dates from 1185 AD.
• However, they did not become common in houses until the 16th and 17th centuries.
• Smoke hoods were an early method of collecting smoke into a chimney.
• These were typically much wider than modern chimneys and started relatively high above the fire,
meaning more heat could escape into the room.
• Because the air going up the shaft was cooler, these could be made of less fireproof materials.
• Another step in developing chimneys was using built-in ovens, which allowed the household to bake
at home.
• Industrial chimneys became common in the late 18th century
The main materials used were wood and mud but later changed to brick and stone.

Mud chimney Brick chimney

 • A chimney should be built as vertically as is practicable to give maximum flue
gas flow; if bends are required, the angle should be 30⁰ maximum with the
vertical.
• The chimney terminal is provided to protect the flue from the entry birds or
rain
• The terminal should be fixed so that it does not impede the flow of gases.
•MAIN PARTS OF THE CHIMNEY
•1. Fireback
• Its main function is to contain the burning fuel.
• It prevents the heat of the fire from damaging the wall behind and radiates heat
from the fire into the room
• • The temperature encountered by a fireback will be high; therefore, the
problem of expansion and subsequent contraction must be considered.
•2. Throat
• The size and shape of the throat above the fireplace opening are of the utmost
importance.
• A fireplace with a restricted outlet to the fire would create unpleasant draughts by
drawing an unnecessary amount of air through the flue and reduce the efficiency of the
fire by allowing too much heat to escape into the flue.
• A restriction of about 100mm will give reasonable efficiency without making chimney
sweeping impossible.
•3. Surrounds
• This is the façade of a fireplace, and its main function is to maintain an attractive
appearance.
•4. Deep ashpit.
•Functions of a chimney
• Create a draft that pulls in needed oxygen for
combustion
• Release combustion products outside the home
living area, leaving clean and safe air in the house
to breathe.
•Planning a chimney
• Consult local construction code when designing
• Decide on what material will be used to construct
• Determine waste products that the chimney will
vent
• Determine the width of the chimney flue
• Buy supplies
• Build smoke chamber
• Construct flue and outside of the chimney
• Surround with flashing where it goes through any
walls
• Cap the chimney
Factors to consider when constructing a chimney
• Use non-combustible materials such as brick,
stone, and concrete blocks.
• Chimneys are heavy and hence require a strong
footing to hold their weight without settling,
considering the construction materials. They
should also be placed on well-compacted soil.
• The footing needs to extend at least 6 inches
beyond all four edges, depending on the
number of stories.
• Line with flue tiles that withstand rapid
temperature changes and do not crack. They
are also easy to clean.
Functional Requirements Of Chimneys
Strength and Stability- In the effect, a chimney is part of a wall or internal division into which it is built and
should be constructed to meet the requirements of strength and stability to apply for the wall. Freestanding
chimneys of brick or block are similar to freestanding piers and should meet the requirements for strength and
stability that apply to piers.
Resistance to weather- Brick or block chimneys that are formed as part of an external wall and are carried up
above the roofs to discharge the products of combustion should be constructed to meet the requirements to
resist the penetration of rainwater to the inside of the building in the same way that externals walls do.
Fire Safety- As approved in building regulations, fire safety requirements need to be met. The requirements set
minimum thickness and dimensions of non-combustible materials around the fires, flues, and hearths and
minimum dimensions for the proximity of combustible materials to fires and flues.
Resistance to the passage of heat- Open fires inset in an opening in a chimney breast constructed as part of an
external wall transmit a large part of the heat produced by the burning fuel to the surrounding wall, which will
conduct heat to the outside. The wall behind a fireplace should be constructed as an insulated cavity wall to
gain the maximum benefit of the heat radiation from the wall into the building and minimize this wasteful heat
waste.
Ventilation - For combustion to occur, fuel requires a continuous intake of air both for burning and to carry the
combustion products to the outside air.
FLUES
 FLUES
• A flue is a duct for smoke and waste gases produced by a fire,
gas heater, power station, or other fuel-burning installation.
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF FLUES
• Chimney duct hoses have been a staple of architecture for
centuries.
• The invention of the chimney was such a large technological
advancement that it forever changed how homes and
buildings are designed.
• Before chimneys, people would only live on the bottom floor
of buildings that featured a burning fire because any smoke
in the home would rise to a second floor.
• The Romans were the first to use an early concept of the
chimney by using tubes dug into the walls of bakeries to
ventilate the smoke caused by baking.
• In the 12th century, northern Europe used chimney ducts in many larger structures,
like churches and castles.
• It wasn’t until the 16th and 17th centuries that chimney ducting became
commonplace in households as the main form of home heating.
• The construction of chimney vents has rapidly evolved since their inception.
• The first chimneys were once made of stone. The primitive masonry chimneys were
useful for low-heat applications but would become cracked with increased heat
application.
• Due to the risks that stone masonry presents for chimney duct hoses, many states
and countries require that a flexible chimney pipe made of steel be used in chimney
construction
• Many of today’s chimneys are made using aluminum or stainless steel chimney
ducting to provide a safer and more efficient form of ventilation
Types of Flues
•  There are six main flue types, and each can be determined by simply
looking at your roof.
1. Brick Chimney
• Recognised by a chimney stack, with either a pot or gas terminal on your
roof.
• Also you will have a chimney breast either inside the room or on the
outside wall for the fire to fit into.
• The diameter of the flue is a minimum of 7" (175mm) or greater..
2. Pre-Fabricated
• Prefabricated flues offer a good depth so you can also choose from the
majority of full depth fires and all slim line fires.
• Chimney has been lined by a steel flue or a newer house with a steel flue
built in and is recognised by a metal flue and terminal on the roof. 
• The diameter of the flue is a minimum of 5" (125mm). Some older
houses where the brick chimney is unsafe will be lined with a 5"
(125mm) flue.
3. Pre-cast
• Pre-cast flues are recognised by a ridge vent or metal flue
terminal on the roof. The Flue is constructed from concrete or
clay blocks they form a rectangular section flue and are very
shallow in depth.
4. Balanced Flue
• A balance flue is a glass fronted gas appliance which vents
directly through an outside wall. Used where there is no
chimney or flue available. No mains electricity required .
5. Flueless
• Flueless appliances use a catalytic converter which converts all
harmful gases to carbon dioxide (safe gas) and water vapour.
• Can be installed into most rooms providing there is a gas
supply excluding bedrooms and bathrooms also the room
needs to meet minimum size and ventilation requirements.
 FLUE DESIGN
1.Siting of flues
• Placing fireplaces on internal walls has the advantage that external temperatures will
have no adverse effect on the draught of the flue hence will take less time to heat up
and cool down.
• Heat taken by the masonry surrounding of the flue will transmit itself to adjoining
rooms.
• The advantage of having chimney on the outside wall is that it is possible to install deep
ashpit that is accessible from the outside which allows ash to be carried directly to the
dustbin and not through the house.
• Room heaters or stoves connected to the chimney at ground level it is possible to have
soot door for cleaning the flue positioned outside which avoids all the mess associated
with sweeping the chimney from outside.
• It is also easier to provide an underfloor fresh air inlet to a ground floor fireplace if it
placed on the outside.
2.Ventilation from flues.
• Open fireplaces have the advantage of providing ventilation to the house and prevent
a stuffy atmosphere by allowing fresh air into the room thus reducing the risk of
condensation especially in houses of modern construction where improved insulation
and draught proofing of doors and windows has largely eliminated natural draughts.
3.Updraughts
• Results from the difference in pressure between the lighter column of hot gases in the
flue and the cold air outside .
• This quite small difference in pressure within the flue creates the pull.The warmer and
taller the flue the pull and lower risk of condensation of the flue.
• Draught is adversely affected by;
1.Wind blowing down the chimney
2.Sharp bends in the flue
3.Too rough surface within the flue
4.Obstraction e.g. fallen mortar, dead birds excess soot
5.Insuffecient insulation.
6.Air and moisture leaking in old and badly constructed flues.
4.Downdraughts
• Maybe created if a chimney is lower than a nearby object on the windward side of the
the roof
-There maybe also the suction on the leeward side of which could cause the pressure at
the bottom of the flue to be less than at the top thus pulling air down the flue.
5.Condensation in flues.
• All kinds of fuel give off water vapour. Fuels with relatively high hydrogen content
produce most water vapour.
• As long as water remains vapour until it leaves the flue then there are no problems but
if the flue gases are cooled sufficiently condensation will occur.
• This moisture can then combine with sulphur compounds in the flue gases and also
leach sulphated from the brickwork forming weak acids in which time will attack
mortar joints resulting in staining.
• Condensation can also be as result of too large cross section of the flue or burning
excessive amounts of wet fuel or refuse.
6.Shape of flues
• Most effective is:
-Built straight over the fire or appliance
-Has no offsets, where offsets are required these should ideally be bulit at an angle no
less than 60⁰ from the horizontal and should never be less than 45⁰.
-The inside should be clear of mortar droppings.
5.Height of flues
The higher the flue the better
potential draught.
The height of a chimney when
projected above a roof should
not be more than 4½ times its
smallest plan dimension unless
adequately supported.
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF FLUES

EASILY MAINTAINED :
• The flue should be straight and vertical without offsets. As the heated products of combustion pass up the flue, they cool and
tend to condense on the surface of the flue in the form of small droplets.

DURABLE:
•Flue liners are used to prevent the condensate from damaging the flue finishes such as paint and plaster.

ACCESSIBILITY
•Access should be provided for inspection and flue cleaning. Therefore an opening that is fitted with a non-combustible , rigid
and gas tight cover would be acceptable.

SAFETY
• Flues discharging at a low level especially at ground level should be fitted with a terminal guard for protection.

LOCATION AND SAFETY

•The flue outlet should be at a safe distance from flammable materials to prevent fires.

EFFICIENCY
•To offer the least amount of resistance to combusted materials, the flue should offer the least amount of resistance by reducing
the number of bends in the flue course.
CONSTRUCTION OF FLUES
To match the dimensions and bonding of concrete blocks,
a range of purpose-made precast concrete flue blocks is
made for building into concrete walls as flue and liner.
Flue blocks are made of expanded clay aggregate concrete
with a flue lining of high alumina cement and are rebated
and socketed as illustrated in Figure 11.11.
Both straight and offset blocks are produced to suit bends
in the flue. At the junction of the chimney and the roof, a
corbel block is used to provide support for the chimney
blocks and the brick facing to the chimney above roof
level.
The brick facing is used as protection against rain
penetration and for appearance sake. A precast concrete
coping block caps.The chimney and provides a bed for the
flue terminal
FIREPLACE
 History and Timeline of Fireplaces
Stone Age
• The discovery of fire during the Stone Age was a pivotal point in human history, as the ability to start
and control fire played a major part in human evolution. Ancient fireplaces were located in areas where
a fire could be started and contained to ensure complete safety in a controlled environment.
Medieval Era: Fire pits
• Medieval buildings used a fire pit for heat. Built in the middle of a room, there was a hole cut in the
ceiling to allow the smoke to escape. The Building was big enough for dwellers to gather around the fire
The Development of the Chimney
• As two-floor buildings became more popular, homeowners moved their fireplaces to the outside wall
which led to the invention of the chimney for proper smoke disposal. The earliest existing chimney can
be found at Conisbrough Castle, which dates back to around 1185.
The Walk-in
• Fireplaces used to be cavernous things that served as the main heating point of a family home,
particularly in America. Tall, deep and wide, these fireplaces were often without a mantel. They were
made of stone or brick to retain heat better, and in Southern America, they were placed at the far ends
of the house to keep homes cooler in Summer. In England, the fireplaces were smaller and more
efficient.
• 1700s
Benjamin Franklin invented the Pennsylvania fireplace, which was the first cast iron stove. Around this same time,
fireplaces became the centre-piece of a room and guests would gather around it of an evening. It was around this
time that fireplaces started to be seen as the centrepiece of the home, rather than a heating element. This is
where decorative features like mantels and surrounds started to become popular.
Following this, in 1796 Count Rumford designed a fireplace which incorporated a tall, shallow firebox. Its simple
yet revolutionary design was far more efficient at burning wood and expelling smoke.
1900s
During the 1900s, emphasis shifted from using fireplaces as a source of heat to their stylish design. In 1968, the
first suspended, 360 degrees pivoting fireplace was invented which paved the way for more innovative designs of
art deco.

From the 1980s onwards, homeowners started looking for more environmentally friendly, cost-effective fireplace
options. The popularity of wood burning stoves and pellet appliances grew, as more and more people wanted
sustainable ways of generating the most heat for the least amount of money.

During the 1980’s and 90’s, there was a huge development in the design of both living flame and flame effect gas
fires. As technology progressed, this saw major improvements in the safety, energy consumption and overall
efficiency of gas fires which, in turn, increased their usability.

In 1995, the first electric fireplace was introduced, which created the ambiance of an authentic wood burning
flame effect without any toxic greenhouse gas emissions or mess.
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF FIREPLACES
1.Provision of adequate strength and stability. It must resist wind pressure and must be adequately bonded to the
main wall.
2. Weather resistance. A properly constructed fireplace should prevent penetration of wind and rain, especially
where the stack passes through the roof.
 Flashing and damp proof courses are required at the junction of the two,
 The top of the stack must also be protected to prevent saturation of the chimney.
3.Thermal Insulation- Provision of adequate thermal insulation to the flue avoids cooling of the flue gases and the
consequent slowing down of the upward air flow and draught (condensation of flue gases)
4. Fire resistance
 A properly constructed fireplace should not ignite combustible materials within and outside the building.
 Material for the fireplace should be non-combustible (this is ensured by the provision of adequate thickness
non-combustible material around flues and fireplaces and by keeping all combustible materials a sufficient
distance away from a flue or fireplaces)
 Suitable materials for walls should be 100mm of brick, stone, and concrete ( a temperature of 70 degrees
Celsius is considered a safe maximum that should not be exceeded).
 An outlet of a flue should be well above the roof, especially if the roof covering is combustible, to avoid
dangerous sparks.
 Building Code Requirements for Indoor Fireplaces
Building code requirements for chimneys may vary on a regional basis. The requirements, anyway, have been summed
up through the following points -
1. Chimney wall thickness should be a nominal 100mm unless no flue liner is used, in which case a nominal 200mm is
required.
2. Neither chimney nor flue liner may change size or shape within 150 mm of either floor components, ceiling
components, or rafters.
3. The minimum chimney height for fire safety is the greater of 1000mm above the highest point where the chimney
penetrates the roofline, or 600mm higher than any portion of the structure or adjoining structures within 3000mm of
the chimney.
4. Chimney clearance from combustible material is a minimum of 50 mm except where the chimney is located entirely
outside the structure, in which case 25 mm is acceptable.
5. The spaces between a chimney and combustible material should be fire-stopped using a minimum of 25 mm thick
non-combustible material.
6. All exterior spaces between the chimney and adjacent components should be sealed. This is most commonly
accomplished by flashing and caulking.
7. Masonry chimneys should not be corbeled more than 150 mm from a wall or foundation, nor should a chimney be
corbeled from a wall or foundation less than 300 mm in thickness unless it projects equally on each side of the wall.
Types of
Fireplaces.
1.Basket grate
• It sits upon upon a hearth
within a chimney recess.
2.Inset fireplace
• The are proletary fireplaces
designed to be built into the
chimney breast and can
casually be supplied with
back boilers for central
heating and domestic hot
water.
3.Hole in the wall fireplace
• This is a fire raised off the
floor recessed in a chimney
breast so that it looks like a
hole in the wall.
• A hearth is required is still
required and is sometimes
designed for it.
4.Wall hang fireplace
• Proprietary fireplaces
usually with a steel casing
to be hung from the
chimney breast wall
 CLASSIFICATION OF FIREPLACES
1. Single Breast
 Fireplace opening on one side of the
wall by inserting jambs or attached
piers.
 The opening can be formed internally
or externally.
 If the breast is formed externally, the
advantage is that the large room area
is available in the room
 The minimum depth of the fireplace
opening is 338mm.
Double Breast/ Back-
to-back fireplace

 It is usually formed on a
semi-detached type
dwelling.
 The fireplace is formed on
the party wall, which is
sometimes called a double
breast party wall (the wall
that separates two
properties)
Interlacing fireplaces/
Side by side fireplace
 These fireplaces are
usually built on internal
walls and placed side by
side.
 This arrangement tends to
increase the chimney
breast, and the projection
of jambs into the rooms is
reduced to give greater
room area.
Angle fireplace

• The fireplace is formed at

an angle, and construction
is complicated because it
entails several twists of the
flue to obtain the correct
position.
COMPONENTS OF
A FIREPLACE
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF RESIDENTIAL FIREPLACES
STEP 1; THE FOUNDATION
The foundation of the fireplace should go all the way to the ground for it’s own support . Foundation is made of
concrete base and masonry walls. Size is determined by the size of the firebox.

STEP 2;FOUNDATION TOP

At the top of the foundation , two sets of 4x6-inch angle irons were placed from the foundation’s outside wall
to its wall. Then, three rows of half masonry blocks were laid on the angle irons to close the top. Split
lengthwise from 200mm thick block, the half shells left space for a concrete hearth slab. Mortar placed on the
angle irons held the blocks in place. Later, a wooden punch was used to knock a hole through the middle row of
blocks so ashes could fall into the ash pit. This row of blocks was laid flat side up to make the hole punching
easier.

STEP3; THE SHELL

Next, the shell, or outside walls, of the fireplace was laid. The shell was built using brick and mortar joints raked
for aesthetic reasons. Built to the top of the first floor, the shell was nine-and-a-half brick wide and three brick
deep. The inside of the shell was parged with Type N mor- tar to seal and weatherproof it.
STEP 4; THE HEARTH
On top the block halves that formed the roof of the ash pit, a reinforced concrete slab was pored.This slab
supported the firebox and cantilevered from the block infill wall to support the raised outer hearth. 4 courses
of firebrick were built to create space for the ashpit. Blocks of fire brick were laid to form the floor of the
hearth and a 200mm thick wide cut was made for the ash dump.

STEP 5; THE FIREBOX

Fire bricks are laid as close as possible. Back wall 3 bricks wide and side walls 2 bricks wide. At some course
height, the fire-box must begin to narrow to the size of the damper. The last four courses of the back wall were
sloped toward the fireplace opening. Each course was angled in 1 inch. Carefully measure and mark the angle
on the end brick of the side walls and cut the brick with a saw to maintain the proper angle. Then carefully lay
the back wall to that angle. To slope the back wall, the bed joint of the first course that was sloped was laid
thicker at the back of the joint than at the front. The angle could have been cut in- to the brick, but then the
side walls would have been higher than the back wall. The back wall of the firebox shouldn’t be curved. Curving
it makes it difficult to align joints and thus doesn’t look as nice. When the 750mm high firebox is complete, use
a pointing trowel to fill chips and cracks in the mortar joints.
STEP 6; THE DAMPER
A steel angle lintel is placed on top of the firebox where a layer of mortar is placed and damper is set on it.
Mortar is laid on the lintel seals the seam so smoke does not escape out the fireplace face. To allow for thermal
expansion and damper movement during fire-place operation, wrap the damper with a compressible, non-
combustible material such as fibrous insulation after setting it on a thin bed of mortar. An additional lintel
placed above the damper keeps the masonry above the damper from bearing on it. If the masonry does bear
on the damper, thermal expansion of the damper can stress and crack the masonry. Also, place a compressible,
non- combustible material at the ends of the steel angles where they are embedded in the masonry.

STEP 7: THE THROAT

Next, four courses of brick were set on of top the damper, leaving enough clearance for the damper door to
open upward. At the fifth course, the side and front walls were corbeled an inch, while the back wall remained
straight. Corbeling of the throat (also called the smoke chamber) continued an inch each course until the throat
was the width of the square clay flue tiles that line the chimney
STEP 8: THE BACKUP WHYTHES
Backup wythes are constructed to partition the clay flues.

STEP 9: INSTALATION OF FLUES

200x200mm fire clay flues tiles are then installed and mortared at the joints, which are used as passage for smoke.

STEP 10: THE CHIMNEY

The flue tiles were mortared together end on end and laid as the chimney was built around them. As each tile are added,
bricks are laid to the tile height. The chimney extends from the fireplace throat to above the roof of the house.

STEP 11: THE CHIMNEY CAP

A very good method of capping the chimney is to allow the tile to extend about 100mm beyond the last course of bricks or
blocks to prevent water from seeping in. A wood form is then built around the top of the chimney brickwork, and a 75mm cap
of concrete is poured over the bricks. The surface of the cap should be given a slight downward slope so that water will drain
off easily.