Algorithms on graphs

1
 Outlines
• Graph revisit
• Shortest paths

2
 Graphs
• A graph is a pair (V, E), where
– V is a set of nodes, called vertices
– E is a collection of pairs of vertices, called edges
– Vertices and edges are positions and store elements
• Example:
– A vertex represents an airport and stores the three-letter airport code
– An edge represents a flight route between two airports and stores the mileage
of the route
OR 84 PVD
18 4
SFO D 9 14
3
2
7 4 80 LGA
33

1 2
7

HNL 255 3 138 10

9 9
5 LAX
123 DF 7 11
3 20
W MIA
3
 Travel on graphs

BFS DFS

1 1

2 3 4 2 7 8

5 6 7 8 3 6 9 12

9 10 11 12 4 5 10 11

4
Shortest Paths
0
8 A 4
2
8 7 2 1 3
B C D

5 3 9 8
2 5
E F

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 Weighted Graphs
➢ In a weighted graph, each edge has an associated numerical value,
called the weight of the edge
➢ Edge weights may represent, distances, costs, etc.
➢ Example:
❖ In a flight route graph, the weight of an edge represents the distance in
miles between the endpoint airports

OR 84 PVD
184
SFO D 9 14
3
2

120
5
80
4 LGA
17
33

2
7

HNL 255 3 138 10

9 9
5 LAX
123 7 11
DF 20
3 W MIA
6
 Shortest Paths
➢ Given a weighted graph and two vertices u and v, we want to find a
path of minimum total weight between u and v.
❖ Length of a path is the sum of the weights of its edges.
➢ Example:
❖ Shortest path between Providence and Honolulu
➢ Applications
❖ Internet packet routing
❖ Driving directions
OR 84 PVD
184
SFO D 9 14
3
2

120
5
4 80 LGA
7
33

1 2
7

HNL 255 3 138 10

9 9
5 LAX
123 7 11
DF 20
3 W MIA 7
 Dijkstra Algorithm
Given G=(V, E), where weight (u,v) > 0 is the
weight of edge (u, v) ∈ E. Find the
shortest path from s to e.

General idea
➢ Known = {the set of vertices which the d(u) =
shortest paths are known} 50 10 d(v) = 75
➢ Unknown = {the set of vertices which the u
s v
shortest paths are unknown}
The algorithm iteratively determine the
shortest paths of vertices in Unknown and
move them to Known.

Relaxation (s, u, v):

➢ dist[v]: the shortest distance from s to v.
➢ pre[v] = u: the previous vertex of v on d(u) =
50 10 d(v) = 60
the shortest path from s to v.
u
s v
If dist [u] + weight (u, v) < dist [v]
dist [v] ← dist [u] + weight (u, v)
pre[v] ← u
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 Dijkstra algorithm
Algorithm Dijkstra (s, e)
Initialization step
Known ← {s}
Unknown ← V – {s}
dist[s] ← 0
dist[u ∈ Unknown] ← weight[s, u]
Relaxation step
Find u ∈ Unknown with the smallest distance.
if u # e then
known ← known ∪ {u}
unknown ←unknown – {u}
for each edge (u, v) do
Relaxation (s, u, v)
Continue the Relaxation step
Tracing step
path ← {e}
while (e != s) do
e ← pre[e]
path ← {e} ∪ path
` 9
 Example
0 0
8 A 4 8 A 4
2 2
8 7 2 1 4 8 7 2 1 3
B C D B C D

∞ 3 9 ∞ 5 3 9 8
2 5 2 5
E F E F

0 0
8 A 4 8 A 4
2 2
8 7 2 1 3 7 7 2 1 3
B C D B C D

5 3 9 11 5 3 9 8
2 5 2 5
E F E F
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 Example (cont.)
0
8 A 4
2
7 7 2 1 3
B C D

5 3 9 8
2 5
E F
0
8 A 4
2
7 7 2 1 3
B C D

5 3 9 8
2 5
E F
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Why It Doesn’t Work for Negative-
Weight Edges

0
8 A 4
6
7 7 5 1 4
B C D

5 0 -8 9
2 5
E F

The minimal distance of C is 1, but it is

already in the cloud with dist(C)=5!

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 Exercises
Write out the shortest path from A to H for the following graph

5
A B
2
2
3 6
C D
4
1 1
3 4 2
E F G H

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 Finding shortest paths for all
pairs of vertices

Algorithm Floyd (G)

Let D[u,v] ← weight(u,v) be the minimum distance between u and v.
For each vertex k do
for each vertex u do
for each vertex v do
if D[u,v] > D[u,k] + D[k,v] then
D[u,v] = D[u,k] + D[k,v]

Complexity: O(n3)

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Floyd algorithm Example

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 Exercise
Write out the matrix obtained from Floyd algorithm for the following
graph. 5

8
B F

2 1 2

4 3
A 7 D

4 3
5
2
C E

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